女性与酒--对儒家思想中女性伦理特殊化的观察

Women and Alcohol:Observations on the Specialization of Female Ethics in Confucianism

“酒”作为一种特殊的饮品,既是中国人日常生活中的常见品,又是充满着复杂性和矛盾性的饮品。在传统社会中,主张女性教化的文本《列女传》、“女四书”都有对女性与酒的训诫,在其背后可以发现:酒因其令人迷狂的特殊性质,潜藏着将人导向“神”和“质”两个极端维度的功能,而这两个维度对于道德实践而言,都是危险的信号。在传统社会中,对于女性的道德训诫远多于男性,甚至在一定程度上,女性并没有自身的道德主体性,而单纯地表现为某种社会角色规训的对象,从女孩到妇女,从妻子到母亲,女性始终是在某一具体角色中承受着严格的道德规训,因而也就有可能更容易破坏严密的道德训诫。“酒”恰是这样一种引诱女性破坏其道德规范的存在物。因此,不仅女性进入“酒”的场域需要获得男权的批准,甚至女性与酒的关系,也是由男权所构建起来的。正如女性的道德训诫,并不出自女性自身,而是一种男权社会构建起来的伪饰。

As a special drink,alcohol is not only common in Chinese people’s daily life,but also full of complexity and contradiction.In traditional society,the Females History and the Female Four Books,which advocate the edification of women,both contain admonitions about women and alcohol.Revealing the content,we can find that alcohol,because of its special nature of ecstasy,has the latent function of leading people to two extreme dimensions of“Shen”(神)and“Zhi”(质),and both of them are danger signs for moral practices.In traditional society,moral discipline for women is much more than that for men.To a certain extent,women do not have their own moral subjectivity,but are simply the objects of some social discipline.From girls to women,from wives to the mothers,women are always taking one of specific role under strict social norms of ethics,and thus they are more likely to break the strict moral discipline.Alcohol was precisely such an existence that tempts women to break their moral code.Therefore,not only did women need the approval of male authority to enter the environments with alcohol,but even the relationship between women and alcohol is constructed by male authority.Moral admonitions for women are not from women themselves,but hypocritic existence constructed by the patriarchal society.