牛场粪水施用对华北小麦/玉米产量及氮损失的影响

Effects of the application of cattle farm slurry on wheat/maize yield and soil nitrogen loss in northern China

为探讨牛场粪水施用对作物产量、氮素利用率和氮素损失的影响,本研究以小麦和玉米为研究对象,在华北地区进行了田间试验,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),遵循等氮量原则,设置4个氮肥处理:常规化肥(撒施,CF)、粪水化肥配施(化肥撒施,粪水浇灌,CSF)、粪水浇灌(CS)和粪水深施(CSD)。结果表明:施氮肥处理相比不施氮肥显著增加了作物产量和氮素损失。相比常规化肥处理,施用粪水处理不会降低小麦籽粒和青贮玉米产量,且施用粪水能提高作物氮素利用率,CSD处理的效果最好。相比CF处理,CSF和CS处理不管在小麦季还是在玉米季都会增加氨挥发量,在小麦季分别增加了5.6%和27.1%,在玉米季分别增加了7.8%和14.7%。CSD处理相比CF处理则会降低氨挥发量,小麦季和玉米季分别减少了15.3%和12.6%。不管在小麦季还是在玉米季,相比化肥处理,施用粪水都能显著降低氮淋失量;与CF处理相比,CSF、CS和CSD处理的小麦季的氮淋失量分别减少了38.5%、66.7%和35.8%,玉米季的氮淋失量分别减少了22.6%、39.2%和57.8%。研究表明,粪水深施是华北地区在保证作物产量的情况下,提高氮素利用率和降低氮素损失的有效措施。

The present study aimed to better understand the effects of applying cattle farm slurry on crop yield,nitrogen(N)use efficiency,and N loss.A field experiment consisting of one treatment without N fertilizer and four treatments with N fertilizer was conducted,including CF:farmer’s conventional N fertilizer input(broadcast application),CSF:substitution of half the amount of N fertilizer with cattle farm slurry(broadcast application),CS:substitution of the total amount of N fertilizer with cattle farm slurry(broadcast application),and CSD:substitution of the total amount of N fertilizer with cattle farm slurry(deep application).Compared to the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment,the application of cattle farm slurry did not reduce the yield of wheat grain and silage maize,and increased the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of crops.The effect of the CSD treatment was the best.Compared to the CF treatment,the CSF and CS treatments increased the ammonia volatilization by 5.6%and 27.1%in the wheat season,and by 7.8%and 14.7%in the maize season,respectively.Compared to the CF treatment,the CSD treatment decreased ammonia volatilization by 15.3%and 12.6%in the wheat and maize seasons,respectively.CSF,CS,and CSD treatments decreased nitrogen leaching loss by 38.5%,66.7%,and 35.8%in the wheat season,and 22.6%,39.2%,and 57.8%in the maize season,respectively,compared to that of the CF treatment.Consequently,the deep application of cattle farm slurry is the optimum choice to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen loss to ensure crop yield in northern China.