俄罗斯对《苏德互不侵犯条约》评价80年

The Evolution of Russia's views on the"Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty"over 80 years

1939年签署的《苏德互不侵犯条约》作为一项对20世纪人类历史发展产生重大影响的双边条约,在现代国际关系史和当代国际政治中产生的广泛争议至今仍未平息。80年来,对《苏德条约》的评价经历了从斯大林时期全面肯定到戈尔巴乔夫时期全盘否定再到普京时期基本肯定但略有批评的曲折变化。在斯大林时期,《苏德条约》被认为是为苏联赢得一年半反击时间的和平条约。在戈尔巴乔夫时期,《苏德条约》被谴责违背了列宁主义的外交原则。普京时期,《苏德条约》被确定为反击西方国家1938年《慕尼黑协定》和避免苏联卷入战争的必要举措,同时也在特定场合下承认条约的非道义因素。对《苏德条约》评价反复变化反映了苏联和俄罗斯社会发展的变迁和对外政策目标的变更,同时也折射出同西方国家关系起伏不定的复杂状况。长远来看,俄罗斯对《苏德条约》的评价并未盖棺而定,评价的定性和评价的内容仍会随着俄罗斯内外政策特别是俄罗斯同西方国家关系的变化而有所不同。

The Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact signed in 1939 is a bilateral treaty that has a significant impact on the history of human beings in the 20th century and disputes involving this treaty have not yet been resolved.In the past 80 years,the evaluation of this treaty has undergone a tortuous change from a comprehensive affirmation during the Stalin period to a total negation during the Gorbachev period to a basic affirmation but slight criticism in the Putin period.During the Stalin era,the treaty was considered as a peace treaty that gives the Soviet Union a year and a half to prepare for the war.During Gorbachev's time,the treaty was condemned for violating the Leninist diplomatic principles.During Putin's time,the"Soviet-German Treaty"was determined to be a necessary measure to counter the Western countries'1938 Munich Agreement and avoid the Soviet Union's involvement in the war.At the same time,it also recognized the non-moral elements of the treaty on certain occasions.The repeated changes in the evaluation of the"Soviet-German Treaty"reflect the changes in the social development of the Soviet Union and Russia and the changes in foreign policy objectives,and at the same time reflect the ups and downs in the complex state of relations with Western countries.In the long run,Russia's evaluation of the"Soviet-German Treaty"is not decided.The qualitative and content of the evaluation will still vary with the changes in Russia's domestic and foreign policies,especially the relations between Russia and Western countries.