宅基地资格权认定辨析

On the Discrimination on the Qualification Right of Homestead

2018年中央一号文件提出要探索宅基地所有权、资格权、使用权"三权分置"。因我国现行法律中未对宅基地资格权作详细规定,故学界对其性质有"宅基地使用权""剩余权""成员权"等不同认知,对其来源亦有"宅基地使用权说""集体成员权说""集体所有权说"之争。基于"三权分置"的政策目的,宅基地资格权应被界定为成员权,且来源于集体所有权。宅基地资格权的取得主体为未享受过宅基地福利分配权益的农村居住户,除特殊情况外一经实现便消灭;宅基地资格权的确认应以登记为标准;创新宅基地资格权有偿退出、保留和反悔机制;建立宅基地有偿使用制度四个角度厘清农户资格权的权属,有助于更好地保障农户宅基地权益、提升土地利用效率、化解宅基地流转的制度困境。

In2018,"No.1 central document"proposed to explore the ownership of the homestead,the right to qualify and the right to use the"three rights division".Because there are no detailed provisions on the qualification right of farmers in China’s current laws,there are different understandings such as"member right","homestead use right"and"residual right"in practice.Based on the policy purpose of"separation of three rights",the right of homestead qualification should be defined as the right of membership.The main body of homestead qualification right is rural residents who have not enjoyed the welfare distribution rights of homestead,which will be eliminated once realized,except in special circumstances;The confirmation of qualification right should be based on registration;Innovating the mechanism of paid withdrawal,retention and estoppel of qualification right;Establishing the paid use system of housing base and clarifying the ownership of farmers’qualification right from four angles will help to better protect farmers’housing site rights and interests,improve land use efficiency and resolve the institutional dilemma of housing site transfer.