刑法预防性立法:罪型图谱和法治危机消解

On Preventive Legislation of Criminal Law:The Map of Crime Types and the Resolution of the Crisis of Rule of Law

应正确界定刑法预防性立法的概念,并以此为据理清预防性立法的规范图谱和其禁止行为的类型。预防型犯罪是立法者分配前瞻性预防责任的载体,其简化了归责要素,实现了责任范式的伦理性革新。传统刑法理念不能化约当代刑法之使命,预防性立法拓展刑事责任的时空范畴无疑具有积极价值。预防性立法朝前的属性和拟防止严重后果的虚化,使其并无固定的终点。尤其是关联性行为范畴的过度扩大会使预防型犯罪的版图延展,刑罚量的不当配置会使罪刑不均衡,由此诱发法治危机。应从"罪"和"刑"两个维度消解法治隐忧,即预防性立法只应把具有重大的不可容风险的关联行为予以犯罪化,且应以对此和对拟阻止的严重实害结果有预见可能性为前提;在配置法定刑时,应践行轻刑化原则以防止刑罚之非正义。

We should correctly define the concept of preventive legislation of criminal law,and clarify the normative map of preventive legislation and the types of prohibited acts.Preventive crimes are the carriers for legislators to allocate forward-looking preventive responsibility,and it simplifies the imputation elements and realizes the ethical innovation of responsibility paradigm.The traditional concept of criminal law can not change the mission of contemporary criminal law,so the preventive legislation is undoubtedly of positive value in expanding the space-time category of criminal responsibility.The nature of forward-looking and the virtualization of serious consequences make preventive legislation have no fixed end.Especially,the excessive expansion of the category of related behavior will extend the territory of preventive crimes,and the improper allocation of penalty will lead to the imbalance of crime and punishment,which will induce the crisis of the rule of law.The hidden worries of the rule of law should be dispelled from the two dimensions of"crime"and"punishment",that is,the preventive legislation should only criminalize the related acts with significant and intolerable risks,and on the premise that it is possible to foresee this and the serious actual harm to be prevented.In the allocation of statutory punishment,the principle of light punishment should be taken as the principle to prevent the injustice of punishment.