水陆画龙王图像探究

A Probe into the Image of the Dragon King in Land-and-Water Painting

自元以降,以山西地区为中心的水陆画中的龙王形象主要有两类。一类为头戴梁冠、手持笏板的王侯高官形象。这类龙王形象还可以细分为朝元和献宝两种模式。另一类为武士形象,多出现在水陆画守斋护戒龙王图像中,图像内容受到佛教龙王护法故事影响。由水陆画的画面布局可知,龙王与五岳四渎、风雨雷电以及四值使者关系密切。水陆画的龙王形象融合了民间对龙王的理解以及佛教、道教和外来文化等多重因素,有着复杂的文化内涵。

Since the Yuan dynasty,two types of Dragon King depictions have prevailed in land-and-water paintings(shuiluhua水陆画)in the Shanxi area.One is the image of a princely senior official wearing a beam crown and holding a board.This particular depiction of the Dragon King can also be subdivided into two modes.According to the first mode,the Dragon King is depicted presenting himself before the emperor on New Year's Day and offering treasures to the emperor,while another version has the Dragon King rendered as a warrior.This second version is most commonly employed in depictions of the Dragon King fasting,which was directly influenced by the Buddhist ideal of the Dragon King protecting and maintaining the dharma.According to compositional conventions in land-and-water paintings,the Dragon King is closely related to China's Five Sacred Mountains and Four Streams(wuyue sidu五岳四渎),wind,rain,thunder and lightning,and the Four Messengers are all bound by a close relationship.The image of the Dragon King in land-and-water painting combines folk understanding of the Dragon King and multiple factors such as Buddhism,Taoism and foreign cultures,and is hence marked by complex cultural connotations.