列宁对跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的实践探索及其启示

Vladimir Lenin’s Practical Exploration on Leaping over the“Caudine Valley”and Its Enlightenment

马克思以唯物史观研究俄国等东方社会发展问题时,提出了经济文化落后国家跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”的理论设想。列宁第一次把马克思这一理论设想付诸实践,实现了从理论到实践的飞跃。列宁关于经济文化落后国家跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”的实践探索包含两个方面。一是跨越资本主义不可能一步到位。首先是通过革命跨越作为社会“制度”即上层建筑层面的资本主义;其次是通过发展“国家资本主义”在经济基础层面跨越资本主义;最后是利用社会主义制度对“国家资本主义”可能产生的问题进行限制,以避免资本主义的灾难,从而实现全面跨越。二是在农业生产上采取“迂回过渡”策略,对农业生产进行了一定的“妥协”。列宁的探索留下了宝贵启示:“跨越”需要以把握“世界历史”趋势为前提;“跨越”不是要从经济上全面“拒斥”资本主义;既“占有”又“避免”是跨越的基本原则;“跨越”是一个辩证的历史运动过程。

While studying the development issues of Russia and other eastern societies with historical materialism,Karl Marx put forward the theoretical assumption that economically and culturally underdeveloped countries should leap over the“Caudine Valley”of capitalism.Vladimir Lenin put this theoretical assumption into practice for the first time and realized a fundamental shift from theory to practice.Lenin's practical exploration on leaping over the“Caudine Valley”of capitalism consists of two aspects:First,leaping over the capitalism cannot be achieved all at once.The reasons include:firstly,capitalism as a social system or superstructure shall be transcended through revolution;secondly,“state capitalism”shall be developed to transcend economically the capitalism;finally,the socialist system shall be implemented to limit the potential problems of“state capitalism”to avoid the disastrous consequences of capitalism and thus achieve a comprehensive leaping over capitalism.Second,a“circuitous transition”strategy shall be adopted to achieve to certain extent“compromise”.Lenin’s exploration brings valuable enlightenment:“Leaping over”needs to be achieved on the premise of grasping the trend of the world history.“Leaping over”does not necessarily means a total refusal to capitalism economically.A basic principle of leaping over is to adopt the good points while avoiding the shortcomings.“Leaping over”is a dialectical process of historical movement.