遗产地居民幸福吗?基于不同旅游扶贫模式的案例分析

Are Residents at Heritage Sites Happy? The Analysis of Different Pro-poor Tourism Development Patterns

在幸福2.0时代,追求美好生活、实现蓬勃发展的人生是社会大众共同的愿景。在关注物质条件改善的同时,乡村居民还渴望获得更高层次的意义、成就感和获得感。因此,旅游扶贫不仅要注重经济效果,还要体现社会意蕴。文章选取粤北两个代表性的遗产地为案例:丹霞山景区(内生式发展模式)和林寨古村(外源型发展模式),通过对景区周边村落进行实地观察和深度访谈,探讨不同旅游扶贫模式下乡村居民的本真幸福感及其差异。调研人员共访谈36位乡村居民,并以积极心理学PERMA模型为理论框架,对访谈内容进行编码、归档和分析。研究发现:(1)旅游扶贫能够提高遗产地乡村居民的幸福感,其中,内生式要比外源型的旅游扶贫模式更能够增强乡村居民的幸福感;(2)乡村居民的积极情绪和参与感均有所增强,但是,人际关系收益感知并没有明显增强,显得复杂很多;(3)乡村居民所感知的生活意义和成就感相对较弱,对幸福感的积极影响较小。文章为更好地提升乡村居民幸福感和优化旅游扶贫模式提供新的理论视角和实践建议。

In the era of well-being, improving life quality has been the shared vision for the majority of people around the world. People living in rural areas desire to obtain higher level of meaning and achievement as well as material benefits than ever before. Consequently, pro-poor tourism policy has been implemented to increase local residents’ standard of living in nearly all of the less-developed regions in China's Mainland. Because of abundant natural or cultural resources in these poor regions,diverse development patterns of pro-poor tourism have occurred in recent years. Each of these development patterns is aiming to develop rural economy and improve local residents’ life quality at the same time. In terms of life quality, one of its most important indicators is happiness. But whether the pro-poor tourism has enhanced local residents’ sense of happiness in rural area is still controversial.Further, it’s necessary to know how different patterns of pro-poor tourism affect the happiness of local residents. Therefore, this study selected two representative research contexts, Mount Danxia and Linzhai village in Guangdong province, trying to analyze authentic happiness of local residents from the perspective of positive psychology. The tourism development in Mount Danxia is dominantly driven by local villages, but in Linzhai village local government is responsible to design and manage tourism products. In August of 2018, researchers totally conducted 36 in-depth interviews in a few villages in these two research contexts. Each interview was recorded and lasted from 15 to 50 minutes.According to PERMA model, interview contents were coded, classified and analyzed systematically.The results showed that pro-poor tourism indeed enhanced local residents’ happiness to some extent.The majority of residents in community-driven tourism development pattern were happier than those in government-driven tourism development pattern. More specially, most interviewees thought that their living environment was significantly improved by building many new houses, streets and leisure equipment in villages. Additionally, local residents became more confident and optimistic, since there were more opportunities for them to communicate with tourists who have different cultural backgrounds. The residents in Mount Danxia were actively joined in tourism services and many more people ran small businesses, such as guest houses and restaurants, than those in the Linzhai old village.In terms of relationship, residents in Linzhai old village were able to keep their traditional lifestyle, so they could live in harmony with each other. But in Mount Danxia, social relations became more complex and dynamic because of high competition in tourist market. Finally, only a few residents cared about life meaning and achievement. The majority of residents were working for better material conditions of their lives. But it was no doubt that tourism development could help residents generate a sense of pride and cultural confidence. Different from elder ones, young people had more ideas and goals, and they preferred to seek meaningful life. According to the findings, relevant suggestions were provided for the sustainable development of targeted pro-poor tourism. Several steps should be taken by local governments to attract both domestic and international tourists and improve destination image.Meanwhile, local residents should be trained to adapt to the market change.