论数据财产权的构建

On the Construction of Data Property Right

数字经济时代,数据作为一种基本的生产要素,对社会生产和生活具有极其重要的作用,也因此成为具有极高价值的财产。2021年先后出台的《数据安全法》和《个人信息保护法》分别从国家安全和人格权的角度规范了数据领域的相关问题,但是对于数据的财产权保护仍显不足。数据财产权是一种新型的无体财产权,其权利人对特定数据享有的直接支配和相对排他的权利。数据财产权的客体系符号意义上的数据,与信息及物质载体明确区分,取得方式为基于合法收集行为的原始取得。与数据相关的在先权利如个人信息权等,会对数据财产权的权能造成限制,但是对数据不具有直接的支配关系,在先权利与数据权财产权是并列的权利,而非同一个权利。在先权利的放弃与让渡,表现为在先权利限制的减少,数据财产权的权能扩张。

In the era of digital economy,as a basic factor of production,data plays an extremely important role in social production,and therefore becomes a property of high value. The Data Security Law and The Personal Information Protection Law issued in 2021 respectively regulate related issues from the perspective of national security and personality rights,but the protection of data property rights is still insufficient. The data property right is a new kind of intangible property right,and the owner of the right has the right of direct control and relative exclusivity to the specific data. The object of data property right is symbolic data,which is clearly distinguished from information and material carrier. The acquisition method is original acquisition based on legal collection behavior. Prior rights related to data,such as the personal information right,restrict the capacity of data property right,but they do not directly dominate the data. Prior rights and data property right are parallel rights,rather than the same right. The abandonment and transfer of prior rights are manifested as the reduction of restrictions of prior rights and the expansion of data property right capacity. This paper analyzes and constructs the basic framework of data right and puts forward relevant suggestions to the establishment and improvement of data property right system.