私人主张超个人利益的公权利及其边界

The Subjective Public Right of Individual to Claim Supra-personal Interests and Its boundaries

基于保障完整自由之目的,个人利益和以公共利益、集体利益为代表的超个人利益均应受到保护。在我国,行政机关实施法律和检察机关提起行政公益诉讼构成了超个人利益保护的主要机制。但既有的利益保护机制无法充分保护公共利益和集体利益,因而有必要将私人纳入超个人利益保护的主体之中。在实定法未获突破的情形下,可以通过拓展公权利来承认私人主张超个人利益。为此,不仅可以将公益的要素吸收到公权利之中,而且也能由立法者创设独立于实体权利的形式性公权利。为确保公权利的自由意涵,避免个人被政治秩序完全裹挟,只有在超个人利益保护不足的领域中,才有必要承认主张超个人利益的公权利,其既应和个人存在充分关联,也须由权利主体自主行使。

For the purpose of guaranteeing complete freedom,both individual interests and supra-personal interests represented by public interests and collective interests should be protected. In China,the implementation of laws by administrative organs and administrative public interest litigation by procuratorial organs constitute the main mechanism for the protection of supra-personal interests. However,the existing interest protection mechanism cannot adequately protect public interests and collective interests,so it is necessary to include individuals into the subjects of protection of supra-personal interests. In the absence of a breakthrough in the current law,the subjective public right can be expanded to recognize individual’s claims of supra-personal interests. To this end,not only the elements of public interest can be incorporated into subjective public right,but also formal subjective public right independent of substantive right can be created by legislators. In order to ensure the liberal connotation of subjective public right and to avoid complete engulfment of the individual by the political order,it is necessary to recognize the subjective public right to claim supra-personal interests only in areas where the protection of supra-personal interests is inadequate,and it should be fully related to individuals and must be exercised autonomously by the subject of subjective public rights.