唐代“十驮马”制度新探

A New Study on the System of"Shituo"(Ten Packs)in Tang Dynasty

唐代府兵出征,私人资装需自备驮马,一火十人,共备马六匹,是为"六驮"之制。吐鲁番文书中除了"六驮"外,还多次提及"十驮"一词。"十驮"之制不见文献记载,前辈学者有的认为"十驮""六驮"性质略同,只是数量上有所增减,有的则认为二者性质不同,"十驮"指一火十人共备马一匹,驮运病患的医疗马,还有的则认为"十驮"指能承载起重量为"十驮"的驮马,与多少人共备无关。本文在前人基础上,从府兵和兵募两种情况考察了西州地区"十驮"在交纳和征行中的某些特点,得出一些新的认识。简言之,"十驮"是唐代西域地区,因传送马驴不足,由征行士兵向官府提供驮运马匹的驮马制度。"十驮"略相当于"助军"驮马,其标准为十人纳马一匹,故称之为"十驮"。"十驮"具有明显的官有马匹性质,而"六驮"则始终属于府兵所有的私马,二者长期并行,共同完成各项物资的驮运任务。

In the Tang Dynasty,when the Fubing soldiers were sent to a battle,they were supposed to prepare pack horse by themselves according to the rule named"liutuo"(six packs),which means every group of ten soldiers should prepare six pack horses to carry their supplies.Besides"liutuo",the Turfan manuscripts have mentioned another term"shituo"(ten packs)for several times,which was not recorded in any other Chinese historical documents.Among the previous scholars,some believe that"shituo"and"liutuo"are slightly the same in nature,but increase or decrease in quantity of horse,while others believe that the two are different in nature,and"shituo"refers to a horse prepared by ten soldiers together to carry the sick and wounded.There are also scholars who think that"shituo"refers to a pack horse that can carry the weight of"ten packs",which has nothing to do with the number of people.Based on predecessors’work,this paper draws some new conclusions by studying some characteristics of"shituo"in the process of delivery and mobilization in Xizhou area from two situations of Fubing(government troops)and enlisted soldiers respectively.In brief,"shituo"was a pack horse management system in the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty,in which the conscripts were asked to provide pack horse to the government for the lack of transportation horses and donkeys there.Specifically,"shituo"is slightly equivalent to the pack horses of"assisting army".Its standard is that ten people hand in one horse,so it is called"shituo"(ten packs)."Shituo"had obvious characteristics of official horse while"liutuo"were always the private horses owned by Fubing soldiers.These two rules were operated simultaneously for a long time to jointly complete the mission of carrying various materials.