维特根斯坦是实用主义者吗——一项学术史的考察

Wittgenstein and Pragmatism

维特根斯坦与实用主义的关系问题长期以来一直是研究者们讨论的热门话题,如何理解这种关系构成了当前国际维特根斯坦研究中的重要内容。维特根斯坦思想与实用主义哲学之间的某些相似之处,使得研究者们坚信两者之间存在思想上的一致性。然而,通过对维特根斯坦提及实用主义的语境分析,我们会发现,维特根斯坦对实用主义的理解远比研究者们所想象的更为疏远,维特根斯坦的思想完全不能被解释为一种实用主义,无论是在何种意义上的实用主义。维特根斯坦与詹姆斯思想之间被看作共享一系列承诺,包括反基础主义、对人类生活具体细节的描述、实践对思想的优先性以及宗教在理解人类生活中的重要作用等。然而,这些承诺包含了许多尚未确认的假设前提。对这些前提的细致分析揭示了维特根斯坦与詹姆斯思想之间的明显不同。对维特根斯坦与实用主义关系的讨论应被看作当代实用主义接受维特根斯坦思想的学术效果史,而不是实用主义对维特根斯坦思想的影响史。

The topic on the relation of Wittgenstein and pragmatism has been controversial among Wittgenstein scholars since Wittgenstein’s death in the international philosophical circle.Most insisted on the similarities and affinities between the two.However,I argue in the essay that Wittgenstein’s understanding of pragmatism is far away from our understanding as scholars supposed.By analyzing the texts in which Wittgenstein mentioned pragmatism,I propose that Wittgenstein could not be viewed as a pragmatist in any sense.Some scholar assumed that there were some commitments common to both Wittgenstein and pragmatism.But I argue against the assume by analyzing the difference between them in their understanding of the commitments.Finally,I will argue that the discussion of the relation of Wittgenstein and pragmatism is kind of academic work in the history of influence of Wittgenstein on pragmatism rather than of pragmatism on Wittgenstein in turn.