反犹主义概念的起源与流变

The Origin and Evolution of the Concept of Antisemitism

自1879年德国人威廉·马尔首创反犹主义术语Antisemitismus以来,国际犹太学界关于何为反犹主义的讨论持续至今。在威廉·马尔以Antisemitismus最初特指现代种族反犹主义的基础上,反犹主义概念呈现出泛化与类型化趋势。概念泛化表现为反犹主义内涵扩大,即在种族反犹主义基础上演变出基督教反犹主义、希腊—罗马反犹主义与新反犹主义等;类型化表现为对反犹主义进行抽象提炼,对其普遍特点进行归类和定性总结。反犹主义概念的此种演变,导致其概念体系愈加开放与抽象,据此对反犹主义现象的认定也变得更加宽泛,其中某些因素已经引发了学界与国际社会的争议。在对反犹主义概念的认定中,应突出犹太人与其他社会互动交往的独特性,提炼总结针对犹太人的敌意、迫害等思想与行为,把握反犹主义概念的核心内涵。

Since William Mar from Germany first coined the term of Antisemitismus in 1879,the discussion on "what was Antisemitism"in the international Jewish academic circles has continued to the present.The concept of Antisemitism presents a trend of Inflation and Stereotype on the basis of William Mar’s use of Antisemitismus to specifically refer to the modern racial Antisemitism.Specifically,the Inflation of this concept is manifested in the expansion of the connotation of Antisemitism,that is Christian Antisemitism,Greco-Roman Antisemitism and New Antisemitism are evolved on the basis of racial Antisemitism;the Stereotype is manifested in abstracting Antisemitism,classifying and qualitatively summarising its general characteristics.This evolution of the concept of Antisemitism makes its conceptual system more open and abstract.Accordingly,the identification of the phenomenon of Antisemitism also becomes broader.Some of these factors caused disputes in the academic circles and the international community.In the identification of the concept of Antisemitism,it should highlight the uniqueness of the interaction between the Jews and other societies,refine and summarise the thoughts and behaviour,such as hostility and persecution against the Jews,and grasp the core connotation of the concept of Antisemitism.