汉晋政治中的有为无为之争

The Dispute over“Action”and“Inaction”in the Politics of Han and Jin Dynasties

有为与无为之争,是汉晋政治哲学的重要问题。文章通过三个方面加以说明:一,王充以黄老为先导,以“疾虚妄”为宗旨,以天道自然无为为思想武器,对汉代谶纬之学的种种神秘附加施以总攻击,以期返回到“恬淡无欲,无为无事”的本来面目。二,魏晋玄学中名教与自然的斗争。郭象在贵无与崇有基础上实现了两者的调和:身在魏阙之上,心在山林之中;游外以弘内,齐一而逍遥。一切皆自然,自然的就是必然的,必然的就是当然的。无为哲学可以起到“有为”的作用。三,东晋时鲍敬言与葛洪关于有君无君的辩论。这场政治理论交锋,反映了当时君主骄奢淫逸,大量靡费社会财富;官吏加收赋税,百姓不堪重负的社会现实。无君论幻想至德之世,实际上是表达对当时政治的不满。葛洪对它的反击,发抒了儒家政治哲学的根本观点。

The dispute over action and inaction is an important issue in the political philosophy of Han and Jin Dynasties.This paper explains it from three aspects:1.Wang Chong took Huang Lao as the guide,“bitter hate falsehood”as the purpose,the natural way of heaven as the ideological weapon,and made a general attack on all kinds of mysteries in the study of Chenwei in the Han Dynasty,in order to return to the origin of“being indifferent,doing nothing”.2.The struggle between Mingjiao and nature in the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties.Guo Xiang realized the harmony between valuing nothingness and advocating existence:he was in the building with his heart in the mountains;he traveled outside to extend his inside.Everything is natural,so the natural is inevitable,and the inevitable is natural.The philosophy of inaction can play the role of“action”.3.In the Eastern Jin Dynasty,Bao Jingyan and Ge Hong argued over monarch and no monarch.The clash of political theories reflected the monarch’s extravagant waste of social wealth and the social reality that the people couldn’t bear the increasing heavy burden of taxation.The no monarch theory imagines a world of supreme virtue,and in essence,expresses dissatisfaction with the politics at that time.Ge Hong’s counterattack against it expressed the fundamental idea of Confucian political philosophy.