论无效民事法律行为转换与解释、补正、确认和部分无效的关系

Research on the Relationship Between Conversion of Invalid Civil Legal Act,Interpretation,Correction,Confirmation and Partial Invalidity

无效民事法律行为转换应脱离民事法律行为解释而成为一项独立的法律制度,不能因为解释作为适用转换的工具而将两者混为一谈。转换改变了原无效民事法律行为的内容,使其以另一民事法律行为发生效力。相反,解释并未改变原民事法律行为的内容,即便补充性解释也只是填补民事法律行为的漏洞而已,最终依然以原民事法律行为的内容发生效力。补正仅仅适用于形式瑕疵导致民事法律行为无效的情形,直接根据当事人的实际履行而使其变得有效。确认可以适用于各种原因导致民事法律行为无效的情形,当无效原因消失后,根据当事人发出确认的意思表示使得原无效民事法律行为重新发生效力。无效民事法律行为转换不是民事法律行为部分无效的特殊情形,适用转换的法律效果是不再以原民事法律行为发生效力,适用部分无效的法律效果是原民事法律行为完全无效或原民事法律行为的剩余部分单独发生效力。适用转换以民事法律行为的无效性不能被消除为前提条件,若能通过补正、确认与部分无效规则消除或者缓和民事法律行为之无效性的,则应当优先适用补正、确认与部分无效规则。

Although the interpretation of civil legal act is used as a tool to apply the conversion of invalid civil legal act,the conversion should be separated from the interpretation and become an independent legal system.The conversion changes the content of the original invalid civil legal act and makes it effective as another civil legal act.On the contrary,the interpretation does not change the content of the original civil legal act,and the supplementary interpretation is only to fill the loopholes of the civil legal act,so the final effect is still within the content of the original civil legal act.The correction can be applied to the invalidity caused by formal defects and make it effective directly according to the actual performance of the parties.The confirmation can be applied to the invalidity caused by various reasons.When the invalid causes disappear,the original invalid civil legal act will be effective again according to the intention of confirmation of the parties.The conversion of invalid civil legal act is not a special case of partial invalidity of civil legal act.The legal effect of applying conversion is that the original civil legal act no longer takes effect;the legal effect of applying partial invalidity is either to make the original civil legal act completely invalid or to take effect solely with the rest of the original civil legal act.The conversion is based on the premise that the invalidity of civil legal act cannot be eliminated.If the invalidity of civil legal act can be eliminated or mitigated by the rules of correction,confirmation and partial invalidity,the rules of correction,confirmation and partial invalidity should be applied first.