新冠疫情下各国粮食安全领域的应对举措及启示

Countermeasures and Enlightenment of Different Countries on Food Security Under COVID-19 Pandemic

新冠肺炎疫情仍在全球蔓延,对各国粮食系统产生重大影响。基于联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)发布的粮食和农业政策决定分析数据库(FAPDA),从生产端、消费端和贸易端分析不同类型的国家在新冠疫情期间采取的主要应对措施,从粮食供给、粮食获得、粮食利用、粮食稳定性四个维度研究这些政策对全球粮食安全潜在影响。研究表明,各国普遍重视中小企业的支持和弱势群体保护,发展中国家更注重保障粮食可获得,粮食进口国则更关注稳定农产品供给。随着全球疫情形势好转,粮食出口国的进出口政策经历了由限制到放宽再到促进的转变。这些政策措施对于促进各国国内粮食生产、稳定粮食价格、保障粮食供给等方面具有重要意义,但在短期也形成了贸易限制,并对全球粮食供应链造成重大冲击。因此,针对不同类型国家提出其应重点关注的政策方向,并从完善全球粮食治理机制、关注脆弱群体粮食安全、保障重点农产品供给等方面提出对策建议。

The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading around the globe,which has a major impact on the food systems of all the countries.Based on the Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis(FAPDA)database released by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the main response measures of different types of countries in the field of food security during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed from the sides of the production,consumption and trade,and the potential impacts of these policies on global food security was studied from four dimensions:food supply,food access,food utilization,and food stability.The results showed that various countries generally attach importance to supporting small and medium-sized enterprises and protecting low-income groups.Developing countries paid more attention to ensuring food availability,while food importing countries were more concerned about stabilizing the supply of agricultural products.With the improvement of the global epidemic situation,the import and export policies of food exporting countries have undergone a shift from restriction to relaxation to promotion.These policy measures are of great significance in promoting domestic food production,stabilizing food prices,and ensuring food supply.However,trade restrictions also had been formed in short term,which have had a major impact on the global food supply chain.Finally,policy directions that should be focused on different types of countries were proposed,and countermeasures were put forward from improving the global food governance mechanism,paying attention to the food security of vulnerable groups,and ensuring the supply of key agricultural products.