“十指”“五行”与“三之道”--董子的“天下”观

“Ten Keynotes”,“The Five Elements”and“The Way of Three”:Dongzi’s View of“Tianxia”

董子有名言:“天人之际,合而为一。”其实,“天下”作为一个指代词,其基本的指向就是“天人合一”。在《春秋繁露》中,“天下”的含义十分丰富,或指政治,或指民众,或指君主。董子强调“文德为贵,而威武为下,此天下之所以永全也”。他一方面在“天下”视域中概括出了“《春秋》十指”,基于“天之大经”指出了“正天端”与“治天下之端”的必要性,“治天下如视诸掌上”的可能;同时强调“人,最为天下贵也”,“天下之人,人有士君子之行而少过矣”。他虽然主张“一统于天下”,但同时也突出不能靠威武压覆民众。他推崇“自三之道以治天下”,以“三而一成”为理论依据,提出了一系列的制度设计;又申明“天下随阳”,力图在一体和多元之间找到最合理的构架。他所主张的“深察名号”,是以“圣人之所命、名,天下以为正”为前提。他一方面提出了谋求“天下之所以永全”应该遵守的原则和方法;同时也总结了“王之所失天下”以及“天下相怨相贱”的原因。他看重仁义并用,人我双全。在文化资源方面,则提出“以《诗》为天下法”,包括“为圣人立法”。需要特别指出的是,董子所谓的“天人合一”是名号各异、等级分明,而各层次之间又相互联通的。

Dongzi has a famous saying of"the unity of heaven and man".In fact,as a demonstrative pronoun,"tianxia"basically refers to the unity of heaven and man.In Luxuriant Gems of The Spring and Autumn Annals,"tianxia"has rich connotations;it refers to politics,or the people,or the monarch.Dongzi stressed that"To make the world peaceful,education of rites and music is more important than power and force".On the one hand,he summarized ten keynotes of The Spring and Autumn Annals from the perspective of"tianxia",pointing out the necessities of"rectifying the conduct of heaven"and"ruling the world"based on the"way of heaven",and the possibility of"ruling the world easily.At the same time,he emphasized that"The people are the most important in the world";"If everyone in the world strives to be a gentleman,there will be few people making mistakes".Although he advocated"unifying the world",he also stressed that the people should not be overwhelmed by power and force.He praised highly the idea of"ruling the world with the way of three"and put forward a series of system designs based on the theory of"the unity of three".He also affirmed that"Everything in the world moves with the sun",trying to find the most reasonable framework between unity and diversity.His idea about"detailed studies of names"is based on the premise that"the order and the name of the sage are regarded as right by the world".On the one hand,he put forward the principles and methods that should be observed to"make the world peaceful".He also summarized the reasons why"the king loses the people"and why"the people are hostile and contemptible".He valued not only benevolence and righteousness,but also the coexistence of the people.In terms of cultural resources,he proposed"taking The Book of Songs as the law of the world",including"legislating for sages".What needs to be pointed out in particular is that Dongzi’s so-called"unity of heaven and man"is characterized by different names,distinct hierarchies,and the interconnections between different hierarchies.