药用植物千层塔的基原物种及研究进展

Original plant and research progress of the medicinal plant Huperzia javanica

清代《植物名实图考》中记载的传统草药千层塔,之前被考证为石松科(Lycopodiaceae)石杉属(Huperzia Bernh)植物蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)。目前药学研究从中分离出的石杉碱甲,能够高效、高选择、可逆地抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶,减少乙酰胆碱分解,已广泛应用于改善记忆和治疗阿尔茨海默病,引起了世界的广泛关注。该文综述了国内外近40年来有关“蛇足石杉”在系统与分类学、遗传多样性、组学研究、内生真菌、化学成分、资源调查、栽培繁殖和资源保护等方面的研究进展,并从植物分类学研究角度出发,厘清原中国境内分布的蛇足石杉,实应为我国东北地区分布的Huperzia serrata和我国南方分布较广的H.javanica两个物种;该研究结果显示,《植物名实图考》千层塔的基原,应是我国南方广布的石杉属植物H.javanica。考虑到药用植物和药材名称的稳定,将H.javanica的中文名沿用《植物名实图考》中的“千层塔”,H.serrata的中文名处理为“蛇足石杉”。

The traditional herbal medicine Qiancengta,recorded in the Iconographia Plantarum written in the Qing Dynasty,was previously verified as Lycopodiaceae,Huperzia Bernh,Huperzia serrata.Huperzine A(HupA),isolated from Qiancengta during pharmaceutical research,can effectively,highly selectively and reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase and reduce the decomposition of acetylcholine.It has been widely used to enhance memory and treat Alzheimer s disease,attracting worldwide attention.This research reviews the latest research progress of these precious medicinal plants in the past 40 years,including systematics,genetic diversity,omics research,endophytic fungi,chemical constituents,resource investigation,cultivation and propagation and natural resource conservation.From the perspective of taxonomy,H.serrata in China includes actually two species:H.javanica in South China and H.serrata in Northeast China.The former is the botanical origin recorded in Iconographia Plantarum.Taking into account the stability of the names of medicinal plants and materials,this research propose that the Chinese name of H.javanica follows“Qiancengta”in Iconographia Plantarum and H.serrata follows“Shezushishan”.