2018年汉中市狂犬病暴露者流行病学特征分析

Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of rabies exposures in 2018 in Hanzhong City

目的了解汉中市2018年22 835例狂犬病暴露者流行病学特征,为狂犬病防控提供依据。方法对狂犬病暴露者按三间分布、致伤动物、暴露及处置等信息进行描述性流行病学分析。结果暴露发生具有明显季节性,7月和8月是高峰期;暴露发生地区差异较大,人口密集的县区暴露率较高;男女性别暴露比为1.05∶1;暴露比例以0~岁组最多,占22.79%;职业以农民最多,占43.21%;伤人动物以家养犬为主,占65.85%;Ⅲ级暴露最多,占69.71%;暴露部位以上肢和下肢最多,分别占47.13%和47.01%;暴露者均接种了人狂犬病疫苗,Ⅲ级暴露者狂犬病被动免疫制剂注射率为31.00%,72.85%的暴露者能够在暴露后12 h内到犬伤门诊接受规范处置。结论汉中市狂犬病疫情形势比较严峻,应积极采取综合性防控措施,降低疾病危害。

Objective The current analysis was set to understand the epidemiological characteristics of the 22 835 rabies exposures in Hanzhong City in 2018,and provide the basis for the prevention and control of rabies.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis of rabies exposures according to the information of three distributions, injured animals, exposure and disposal were proceed.Results The occurrence of exposure was obviously seasonal, with the peak in July and August.The regional exposure difference was greater with higher rate in densely populated counties.The exposure ratio of male to female was 1.05∶1.The zero-year-old group accounted for the highest(22.79%).Farmers were the mainly population in different occupations, accounting for 43.21%.Domestic canines were the main causes of injuries, accounting for 65.85%.Grade III exposures were the most, accounting for 69.71%.The most exposed sites were arms and legs, accounting for 47.13% and 47.01%.All the exposed persons were vaccinated against human rabies.The injection rate of rabies passive immune in grade III exposures was 31.00%,and 72.85% of the exposed persons were admitted to the canine trauma clinic within 12 hours after exposure.Conclusion The epidemic situation of rabies in Hanzhong City was severe.Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be adopted to reduce the risk of disease.