因同一行政行为发生的行政案件的既判力问题--基于诉讼标的之考察

On Res Judicata of Administrative Cases Caused from the Same Administrative Activity:From the Perspective of Object of Action

既判力原则上具有相对性,但由于某些行政行为往往涉及众多行政相对人,法院在适用既判力规则时呈现出主观范围不断扩张的倾向。各级法院在既判力是否适用于同一行政行为的其他相对人上有各种模式,包括同一诉讼标的论、同一诉讼标的之否定论、撤销之诉判决的普适性效力论、同一诉的利益论等,其中诉讼标的是一个核心概念。禁止重复起诉与既判力规则分别适用于不同的阶段,后者在于避免诉讼标的处于不确定的状态。诉讼标的决定既判力的适用范围,它是指行政行为违法并损害原告权利的主张,而不能与行政行为相等同。对于同一行政行为的起诉,应当更多地考虑适用必要共同诉讼制度。

In principle,res judicata is relative in nature.However,due to some administrative activities involving in numerous administrative counterparts,there is a tendency of expansion of subjective scope in the application of res judicata by the judiciaries.The courts at different levels follow several patterns in applying res judicata to other administrative counterparts of the same administrative activity,including the theory of the same object of action,the theory of not the same object of action,the theory of universal effect of judgment of action for annulment,and the theory of interest of litigation.Among them,object of action is a core notion.The rule of prohibition of repeated prosecution and res judicata should be applied at different stages respectively,and the latter is aimed to avoid the uncertainty of the object of action.The object of action determines the scope of application.It is the claim for illegitimacy of administrative activities that affect the rights of plaintiffs rather than administrative activities.For the prosecutions against the same administrative activity,the application of the necessary joint action system shall gained more attention.