《民法典》集体土地权利主体规范的法政治学解读

A Law and Politics Study on the Subject of Rights of Collective Land in The Civil Code

《民法典》是集体土地产权改革共识的基本表达,也是改革进一步深化的重要前提。要从法政治学角度科学解释《民法典》集体土地权利主体规范,妥当定位国家、集体、农户、农民的关系。国家公权力应当更加平等地对待国有土地和集体土地,逐步取消对集体土地权能不合理的限制。集体具有类似国家的属性,肩负着公共的职能,不能遵循营利法人的运营模式。农户作为集体土地用益物权主体,是家庭政治功能的阶段性表达。从农户到农民,从农民身份到农民职业,是国家治理现代化的必然要求。弱化户籍农民的规范意义,逐步固化集体经济组织的成员,实现集体土地用益物权主体由农户到个体的渐进式制度变迁。

The Civil Code of the People′s Republic of China(The Civil Code)is not only the basic expression of consensus on property right system reform,but also an essential prerequisite of deepening the reform.From a perspective of law and politics,the subject of rights of collective land should be explained scientifically,which can help the government to handle the relationship between state,collectivism,farmer′s household and farmers.The rights of state-owned land and the collective land should be treated more equally by the national public power.Moreover,the restrictions on collective land should be canceled gradually.Playing a role of state function and public function,an organization can not follow the operation pattern of profit-based legal person.Farmer′s household is the main force of the right to usufruct,embodying family political function periodically.In order to modernize the national governance,it is necessary to undergo the change from farmer′s households to farmers,and from the traditional farmer to the new professional farmer.To achieve the institutional transition of the subjects of the right to usufruct,the Chinese government should weaken the census register and strengthen the bond of collective economic organization members.