日本近世百姓一揆与幕藩体制

The Peasants’ Ikkis and the Shugonal System in the Early Modern Japan

在日本近世时期,因幕藩国家增征年贡、役人不法、限制商品自由流通以及自然灾害导致饥馑等因素,导致农民通过一揆的方式进行抗争。在发动一揆的过程中,农民通过联络周边村落和强制胁迫的方式进行动员,以“逃散”“越诉”“强诉”等形式与幕藩国家展开抗争。面对农民的一揆运动,幕藩国家软硬兼施,通过出台禁令、强化地方治安、武力镇压等方式予以应对。不断发生的一揆阻遏了幕藩国家的经济掠夺,导致幕藩国家的财政危机长期得不到解决,在应对一揆的过程中突显了幕府作为“上位国家”的主导地位,同时也促成了日本近世的长期和平。日本近世的百姓一揆对于幕藩体制发挥着既瓦解又延续的双重功能,实现了民间秩序与支配秩序的共栖。

In the early modern Japan, peasants struggled against the Shogunate by means of Ikkis due to increased annual tribute, unlawful servitude, restrictions on the free circulation of goods and famine caused by natural disasters. In the process of launching Ikkis, the peasants mobilized by contacting the neighboring villages and coercion, and fought against the Shogunate in the form of "fleeing", "tranpass appealing" and "forcible lawsuit". In the face of the peasants’ ikkis, the Shogunate used the stick and the carrot, responded by issuing injunctions, strengthening local security, armed suppression and so on. The constant occurrence of Ikkis prevented the Shogunate from economy plunder and resulted in the long-term financial crisis. In the process of dealing with Ikkis, the Shogunate strengthened its dominant position as the "superior state", and contributed to the long-term peace of Japan in modern times. The peasants’ Ikkis had a dual function of disintegrating and continuing the Shogunate system, which realized the coexistence of the folk order and dominant order.