飞驰的冰刀与停滞的帝国——冰嬉盛典与清代文化命运兴衰

Speeding Skates and Stagnant Empires——The Rise and Fall of Ice-skating Ceremony and the Cultural Destiny of the Qing Dynasty

由冰嬉盛典衰落—重启—消亡这一历史脉络,可以理解清王朝由盛而衰的停滞过程。嘉庆、道光两朝,乾隆时期创立的冰嬉盛典开始走向衰落。道光十九年,具有国家礼乐典礼性质的"阅冰技"一度终止。这从礼乐文化的角度体现出王朝国家衰落的加剧。光绪年间,清廷试图恢复具有典制意义的"冰鞋之戏",却因国力衰退、战争爆发、八旗生计等问题最终放弃。光绪朝"冰鞋之戏"的短暂恢复,是清廷为重现"王道之隆"做出的巨大努力。但这些偶一为之的"冰鞋"活动具有仓促性和临时性的特点,加之活动本身与慈禧太后的个人喜好有关,并没有形成制度上的国家典礼。这从文化仪式上反映出清王朝的再度衰落。最终,光绪朝的"冰鞋之戏"转变成仅具有娱乐性质的宫廷活动,并随着甲午中日战争的爆发彻底消失。这从一个微观的文化视角反映出停滞的帝国文化命运气数已尽,并在不断改革中逐渐走向终结。

This article tries to understand and interpret the stagnation process of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline through the historical process of the decline,restart and demise of the ice-skating ceremony.During the Jiaqing and Daoguang period,the ice-skating ceremony began to decline.In the 19 th year of the Daoguang period,the ice-skating ceremony with the nature of national ceremonies was terminated for a time,which showed the aggravation of the decline of the dynastic state from the culture of rites and music.Eventually,the ice-skating ceremony of the Guangxu period was transformed into only entertaining court activities,which completely disappeared with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895.From a microcosmic cultural perspective,it reflected that the cultural fate of the stagnant empire was exhausted and gradually came to an end in the continuous reform of the Qing Dynasty.