先秦秦汉的“秦人”称谓与认同

The Appellation and the Identity of Qinren in the Pre-Qin Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties

西周时期,"秦人"称谓与认同是隐而不显的。春秋时期,"秦人"称谓与认同逐步得到凸显,但仍被笼罩在以姬周华夏为核心展开的"夷夏之辨"的族群认同格局中。自战国至秦代,"秦人"和"非秦人"的族群区分得到凸显,原来以姬周华夏为核心展开的"夷夏之辨"的多层次族群认同格局,被以"秦人"为核心展开的"秦人非秦人之辨"的多层次族群认同格局取代,且形成了狭隘的"秦(夏)"认同。楚汉相争以后,"秦人"与"非秦人"的现实族群区分由于帝国上层精英的重组及帝国政治名号的改变而退出历史舞台,但"秦人"称谓本身仍在汉代的现实族群称谓表达中留下了印记。秦时入居秦境外的秦人后裔在汉代被称为"秦人""秦虏"或"秦胡",而匈奴人在某些场景仍称西汉人为"秦人"。

In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the appellation and the identity of Qinren were not obvious.In the Spring and Autumn Period,the appellation and the identity of Qinren became prominent gradually,but they were still shrouded in the pattern of ethnic identity of distinction between Yi and Xia which took Jizhouhuaxia as the core.After the struggle between Chu and Han,due to the reorganization of the upper elite of empire and the change of the political name of empire,the actual ethnic distinction between Qinren and other people withdrew from the stage of history,but the appellation of Qinren still left some marks in the expression of the realistic ethnic appellation in the Han Dynasty.The descendants of Qinren migrating outside of the Qin Empire in the Qin Dynasty were called Qinren,Qin Lu or Qin Hu in the Han Dynasty,meanwhile,the Huns still called the people of the Western Han Dynasty Qinren on some occasions.