思想表征与话语实践:“典型”概念的理论史述评

Ideological Representation and Discursive Practice:A Review of the Theoretical History of the Concept of"Type"

作为一个关键的文论概念,“典型”的理论史脉络展现出其语义与语用的多重性、复杂性及其与历史时代、思想观念的联动关系。典型理论在西方传统中具有丰厚的积累,在其走向辩证的历史趋势中成为西方思想史/文论史的一种内在线索以及外在表征,并显示出西方思维方式的特殊性。马克思主义思想进一步深化普遍性与特殊性(共性与个性)的辩证关系,并在具体性的方向上从阶级性、倾向性、历史性、真实性等各个方面对典型理论进行全面而深刻的建构,从而强化了典型理论的理论根基与解释效力。对于中国文学场域而言,马克思主义的典型理论不仅是一种思想资源,还是一种参与本国意识形态建构与思想文化建设的话语实践,从而使典型的“理论旅行”极具本国特色。经由作为思想表征与话语实践的“典型”,我们能够较为便捷地认识特定的历史时代与思想观念以及它们之间历时性的联动关系。与此同时,我们也应激活典型理论的历史意义与当代价值。

As a key literary concept,the theoretical history of"type"shows semantic and discursive multiplicity and complexity,as well as a linkage with historical context and people's perception.The theory of type has a rich tradition in the West.In its progression towards a dialectic theory,it has become an internal thread and an external representation of the history of Western thought.Marxist thought further deepened the dialectical relationship between universality and particularity(commonality and individuality),and comprehensively and profoundly constructed the theory of type in terms of class,tendency,history and truthfulness,thus strengthening the theoretical foundation and explanatory effectiveness of the theory.For the Chinese literary field,the Marxist theory of type is not only a resource of thought,but also a discursive practice to participate in the ideological and cultural construction of the country,thus making the"theoretical journey"of type extremely characteristic of China.