典型辩证法的三重意蕴——重探20世纪中国文学批评中的典型论

The Threefold Implications of the Dialectic of the Type:Revisiting the Theory of Type in 20th-Century Chinese Literary Criticism

在20世纪中国文学批评中产生了重大影响、并一度成为人物塑造主导规范的典型论,乃是围绕辩证法的思想意蕴展开的,具体而言又体现为共性与个性的性格意蕴、人物与环境的历史意蕴、国民性与阶级性的政治意蕴。无论是外部输入还是内发生长,这三重辩证法意蕴都已然通过20世纪中国文学批评实践生成为典型论的理论内核。三重辩证法意蕴的环环相扣、相互缠绕,不仅为典型论的开展提供了充足的理论空间,也为后来典型论走向片面强调阶级性的发展埋下了线索。而新时期以来对典型论的纠偏正是通过对三重辩证法意蕴关系的松绑实现的。随着典型被还原为人物塑造的创作方法,三重辩证法意蕴中积蓄的文学能量也在逐渐消退,如何重新激活典型概念的现实能量,还需要新的努力。

The theory of“type”had a significant influence on 20th-century Chinese literary criticism,and once became the dominant norm in characterization in literary creation.It is based on the ideological implications of dialectic,specifically the implications about personal characters,including commonality and individuality,the historical implications including character and environment,and the political implications of nationhood and class.In terms of both external input and internal growth,these three dialectical implications have become the theoretical core of the theory of type through the practice of 20th-century Chinese literary criticism.The interlocking and intertwining of the three dialectical implications not only provided sufficient theoretical space for the development of the theory of type,but also laid a foundation for its later development toward a one-sided emphasis on class.The correction of the theory since the New Period has been achieved by untying the threefold dialectic implications.With the reduction of the type to a creative method of characterization,the literary energy accumulated in the threefold dialectic implications is gradually fading.New efforts are needed to reactivate the realistic energy of the concept of type.