辽宁省新民市三处湿地鸟类群落结构和多样性

Structure and Diversity of Bird Communities in Three Wetlands in Xinmin City,Liaoning Province

辽宁省新民市地处辽河下游平原地区,该市所辖范围内的湿地是候鸟东亚—澳大利西亚迁徙路线上的重要停歇地和繁殖地。为了了解新民市湿地中鸟类的群落结构和多样性,于2019年6~11月和2020年3~5月,采用样点法,在辽河新民段、仙子湖区和单坨子水库,进行了鸟类调查和观测。研究结果显示,在3处湿地共记录到鸟类17目43科140种;在140种鸟类中,东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)、青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)和黑嘴鸥(Saundersilarus saundersi)为国家一级保护鸟类,有22种鸟类为国家二级保护鸟类;有16种鸟类被IUCN《世界濒危动物红皮书》收录,其中的青头潜鸭为极危物种;有115种鸟类为迁徙鸟类(占记录鸟类总物种数的82.14%),包括67种夏候鸟、45种旅鸟和3种冬候鸟;辽河新民段鸟类群落的物种数量(127种)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(3.303)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.682)都相对最大;春季,鸟类群落的物种数量(96种)和Simpson群落优势度指数(0.112)都相对最大,夏季,鸟类群落的Pielou均匀度指数(0.709)相对最大,秋季,鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(3.020)相对最大;仙子湖区与辽河新民段、单坨子水库的鸟类群落组成差异较大;新民市3处湿地β多样性总体物种周转组分(0.235)与总体嵌套组分(0.209)数值相近。因此,从保护鸟类的角度出发,辽河新民段、仙子湖区和单坨子水库都应该被重点保护。

Xinmin city of Liaoning province is located on the lower reaches of the Liao River Plain.The wetlands in the city are important stopover and breeding sites for migratory birds along the East AsianAustralasian Flyway.To understand the structure and diversity of bird communities in the wetlands of Xinmin city,birds were investigated and observed in Xinmin section of Liao River,Xianzi Lake area and Shantuozi Reservoir using the point count method from June to November 2019 and March to May 2020.The results showed that a total of 140 species of birds from 43 families and 17 orders were recorded,among which 4 species were listed as national first-class protected animals including the Oriental White Stork(Ciconia boyciana),Hooded Crane(Grus monacha),Baer’s Pochard(Aythya baeri)and Saunders’s Gull(Chroicocephalus saundersi).The 22 species were listed as national second-class protected animals;16 species of birds listed on IUCN Red List,among which the Baer’s Pochard(Aythya baeri)is a critically endangered species.The 115 migratory species were recorded,accounting for 82.14%of the total bird species recorded,including 67 summer breeders,45 passengers and 3 winter visitors.The number of bird species(127 species),Shannon-Wiener index(3.303)and Pielou evenness index(0.682)of Xinmin section of Liao River were the highest among three wetlands.The number of species(96 species)and Simpson dominance index(0.112)were the largest in spring,Pielou evenness index(0.709)was the largest in summer,and ShannonWiener index(3.020)was the largest in autumn.The composition of bird community in Xianzi Lake area was quite different from that of Xinmin section of Liao River and Shantuozi Reservoir,and the total species turnover components(0.235)ofβdiversity in three wetlands were similar to the total nested components(0.209).Therefore,from the perspective of bird protection,Xinmin section of the Liao River,Xianzi Lake area and Shantuozi Reservoir should all be protected.