“把持”与“共利”之间——明清山陕商人之制度伦理

Monopoly and Sharing:Institutional Ethics Prevailing among Merchants of Shanxi and Shaanxi in Ming and Qing

明清时期商人力量崛起,商人为逐利而离开乡土社会,逐渐形成一个社会群体。遍布区域市场的山陕商人为了保证商贸的顺利进行,建立会馆组织并创设各种制度为其自身的商业利益保驾护航。这些制度建设在区域市场中扮演着重要角色,在一定程度上发挥着调和商人利益和社会矛盾的作用。在实践层面,制度为人们所认同,并转化为一种道德化的日常行为,这就是制度的伦理化过程。商业活动中的"把持"与"共利"是商帮制度伦理的一体两面,成为商业实践过程中长期存在的张力。

The community consisting of merchants from Shanxi and Shaanxi established provincial guild and various institutions,which not only defend their commercial interests but also played a significant role in building regional markets.Practically,institutions were recognized by people and gradually metamorphosized into a set of moralized everyday behaviors.This was the ethicalization of institution.Monopoly and sharing,which formed an inseparable unity existing in commercial community’s institutional ethics,produced an enduring tension in the commercial practice.