德育的道德发生学基础与机制——以“以羊易牛”为中心的考察

The Basis and Mechanism of Moral Genetics of Moral Education:the Investigation Centered on“Changing Sheep to Cattle”

孟子以“本心”证“本性”的性善论为德育的道德发生学基础,即德育何以可能的问题提供了理论根据。孟子通过齐宣王“以羊易牛”之事例表明:个体的道德行为发生乃是由恻隐之心的自觉发动而来,这就必然引出对道德动机的预设。然而,“以羊易牛”之道德动机的内在矛盾却消解了恻隐之心在道德实践中的道德意义。孟子、朱熹等人试图以“仁术”的内在张力来表明孟子道德理论促成德育之可能的自洽,但“仁术”极其有限的阐释力却使恻隐之心的激发导向了“已见与未见”的具体境况的实践悖论,即“以羊易牛”并非真正的恻隐。事实上,恻隐之心有其事实的印证,站在道德发生学之角度,借助于王阳明“致良知”之伦理意蕴对道德情景与道德发生问题进行新的阐释,可以超越孟子道德哲学理论中的实践悖论,为德育提供坚实的基础。

Mencius’s theory of the“goodness of nature”with the“instinct”proved by“conscience”,provides a theoretical basis for the moral basis of moral education,that is,the question of how to make moral education happen.Mencius drew from the example of King Xuan of Qi Kingdom of“changing sheep to cattle”that the occurrence of individual moral behavior is consciously initiated by compassion,which inevitably leads to the presupposition of moral motives.However,the inherent contradiction of the moral motivation of“changing sheep to cattle”has dispelled the moral significance of compassion in moral practice.Scholars like Mencius and Zhu Xi tried to use the inherent tension of“benevolence”to show that Mencius’moral theory promoted the self-consistent possibility of moral education.However,the extremely limited explanatory power of benevolence makes the inspiration of compassion lead to the practical paradox of the specific situation of“the seen and the unseen”,that is,“changing sheep to cattle”is not true compassion.In fact,compassion can be confirmed by facts.From the perspective of moral genetics,with the help of Wang Yangming’s“to the conscience”ethical connotation,we make new interpretations of moral situations and moral issues,thus we can surpass the practical paradox in moral and philosophical theory of Mencius,thus to provide a solid foundation for moral education.