单季稻氮磷吸收及径流流失对不同肥料施用的响应

Response of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and runoff loss in single cropping rice to different fertilization treatments

【目的】旨在探讨施用有机肥(菜籽饼)、调理剂(贝壳砂)、炭基肥对稻田土壤氮磷流失和水稻Oryza sativa产量的影响。【方法】共设置不施肥(ck)、常规施肥(T_(1))、有机肥(T_(2))、常规施肥+调理剂(T_(3))、炭基肥(T_(4))5个处理,不同施肥处理的氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾用量均为270、75、150 kg·hm^(-2)。通过对比5个处理之间土壤施肥前后氮磷质量分数、水稻产量、水稻籽粒和秸秆中的氮磷质量分数,结合6-9月径流水氮磷质量浓度监测结果,研究不同施肥处理减少氮磷流失的效果。【结果】施肥显著提高了水稻籽粒、秸秆的氮磷积累量和水稻籽粒产量。与ck相比,4个施肥处理增加水稻籽粒产量51.22%~63.41%(P<0.05),但4个处理之间无显著差异。5个处理的氮和磷的流失量分别为4.91~9.56和0.70~1.35kg·hm^(-2),其流失量从大到小依次为T_(2)、T_(1)、T_(3)、T_(4)、ck。4个施肥处理的氮和磷的流失率分别为0.82%~1.72%和0.65%~1.99%,从大到小依次为T_(2)、T_(1)、T_(3)、T_(4)。【结论】施用调理剂和炭基肥均能有效增加水稻产量,减少氮磷的流失,但施用有机肥处理具有最大径流流失量,因此需注意施肥的时间和方式,有效减少氮磷的流失和环境污染。图5表4参32。

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer(rapeseed cake), conditioner(shell sand), and carbon based fertilizer on soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss and rice yield of Oryza sativa. [Method] The five treatments of this study were no fertilization(ck), conventional fertilization(T_(1)), organic fertilizer substitution(T_(2)), conventional fertilization+conditioner(T_(3)), and carbon based fertilizer(T_(4)). The amount of nitrogen(N), phosphorus pentoxide(P_(2)O_(5)) and potassium oxide(K_(2)O) used in different fertilization treatments were 270, 75 and 150 kg·hm^(-2). The effects of different fertilization treatments on nitrogen and phosphorus loss were studied by comparing the nitrogen and phosphorus contents in soil, rice yield, rice grain and straw before and after fertilization among the five treatments, combined with the monitoring results of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in runoff from June to September.[Result] Fertilization significantly increased nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in rice grain and straw as well as rice grain yield. Compared with ck, the four treatments increased grain yields by 51.22%-63.41%(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among the four treatments. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the five treatments were 4.91-9.56 kg·hm^(-2) and 0.70-1.35 kg·hm^(-2) respectively, and the descending order of loss was T_(2), T_(1), T_(3), T_(4) and ck. The runoff rates of nitrogen and phosphorus of the four fertilization treatments were 0.82%-1.72% and 0.65%-1.99%, respectively and the descending order was T_(2), T_(1), T_(3) and T_(4).[Conclusion] The application of conditioner and carbon based fertilizer can effectively increase rice yield and reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus(P<0.05), but organic fertilizer treatment has the maximum runoff loss. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the time and method of fertilization to effectively reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss and environmental pollution. [Ch, 5 fig. 4 tab. 32 ref.]。