北极海运对航道生态环境的潜在影响分析

Potential influence of Arctic shipping on passage environments and ecosystems

随着北极快速升温和海冰储量迅速下降,北极航道的适航性已大幅提高。北极生态环境脆弱,北极海运活动增加对当地海洋生态系统的影响问题备受国际社会关注。海运对生态环境影响包括溢油、排污、噪声、引入外来物种以及船体对海洋哺乳动物的直接伤害等多种因素。本文对北极近年生态环境和航运活动现状和趋势进行概要分析,对影响航道生态环境的指标进行逐项分析,并结合层次分析法对影响指标的风险系数进行评估,显示风险系数最高的影响指标为废气排放、废水排放和燃油/有毒化学物质泄漏。在海运活动不断增强的背景下,未来应重点加强对污染防控技术的研发和应用。本文同时从可持续利用北极的角度,提出了北极航道利用需要同步推进的研发污染防控技术、构建生态功能区划、建立综合监测评价体系和加强穿极航道相关研究等建议。

Following warming and decreasing of pack ice concentrations in the Artic region,the navigability of Arctic passages is increasing.The environment and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean are fragile,and the in-fluence of increasing Arctic shipping on the local marine environment and ecosystem is of public concern.Fuel leakage,exhaust emission,wastewater discharge,and noise disturbance,are all factors that could affect the environments and ecosystems of these passages.We summarize the situation,discuss the Arctic marine ecosystem and navigation patterns,analyze each factor,and calculate their risk coefficients using the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process.The result shows that exhaust emission,wastewater discharge and fuel leakage are the three most important factors likely to affect the Arctic region related to shipping.Develop-ment and application of innovative monitoring technologies will be extremely useful in the future.From the perspective of sustainable Arctic passage utilization,we propose some initiatives,which include studying and developing pollution prevention and control technologies,setting up of ecologically functional zones,constructing an integrated monitoring and assessment system,and strengthening the study of the impacts of fuel leaks.