论民族交往交流交融中的西夏文化

On the Western Xia Culture in Ethnic Exchanges,Communications and Integration

民族交往交流交融中形成的西夏文化,杂糅了汉族文化、党项文化、吐蕃文化、鲜卑文化、回鹘文化等成分。中原汉族文化是西夏文化的核心,元昊称帝建国前夕,仿照唐宋建立起一套比较完整的官制,西夏文字的创制完全借鉴和模仿了汉字。汉文和西夏文一样,是西夏的通用文字,汉学教授汉文,番学教授番文(西夏文)。西夏的科举分番汉两科,番科考西夏文儒经,汉科考汉文儒经。西夏继承中原王朝德运传统,在金、木、水、火、土五德中,自认为金德,直接继承唐朝的土德。西夏纪年采用我国古代传统的年号纪年,国主新即位要改元,国家发生重大事件或革故鼎新也要改元,并铸年号钱币。国主在位时上尊号,去世后上庙号、谥号,陵墓有陵号。党项人是西夏的主体民族,内迁后在接受汉文化的同时,依然保留了本民族自然崇拜、巫术、复仇等习俗。早期党项和鲜卑吐谷浑交错毗连,在长期的交往交流交融中,形成了你中有我,我中有你。此外,西夏境内还有大量吐蕃人,西夏文化包含着浓郁的吐蕃文化成分,吐蕃语不仅在吐蕃人群中使用,而且和党项语、汉语共同构成西夏的佛教用语。甘州回鹘归附西夏后,长期生活在河西走廊,继续使用本民族文字,西夏时期的回鹘文献有写本和印本,敦煌西夏洞窟中有不少回鹘人的形象。

The Western Xia culture formed in the exchanges,communications and integration of ethnic groups combined with Han culture,Tangut culture,Tubo culture,Xianbei culture,Uygur culture and other components,with Han culture from the Central China Plains dominating as the core of the Xixia culture.Before setting up of the Western Xia kingdom,emperor Li Yuanhao established a relatively complete official system referring to that of the Tang and Song dynasties.The creation of the Western Xia common language is completely an imitation of the Chinese characters.Chinese language is adopted as a common language together with Tubo language in Western Xia.The imperial examinations of the Western Xia were divided into two subjects of into Han subject including the Confucian classics in Chinese and the Tubo subject including the Confucian classics in Tubo language.The Western Xia inherited our national tradition of virtuous fate.Among the five virtues including the gold,wood,water,fire and earth,the Western Xia believed that it belongs to the gold virtue and directly inherited the earth virtue from the Tang Dynasty.The chronological record of events of the Western Xia Dynasty adopted the traditional emperor’s reign title chronological recording measure,and thus when a new king ascended the throne or a major event took place,the country will change the title of chronological record,and at the same time new coins will be cast.When the king was in reign,there was special honorific title of the king,and when the king died,there would be dynastic title and posthumous title,his mausoleum enjoying mausoleum title.Tangut people is the main ethnic group in Western Xia,who retained its ethnic customs of natural worship,witchcraft and revenge.In the early stages,Tangut and Xianbei Tuyuhu were neighboring to each other and interleaved,which formed integration through long term communication and exchanges.There are a large number of Tubo people in the Xixia Dynasty.The Xixia culture contains significant amount of Tubo culture elements.Tubo language is not only used among Tubo people,but also forms the Buddhist language of the Western Xia together with Tangut and Han Chinese language.After the Ganzhou Uighur affiliated to Western Xia,they continued to live in Hexi Corridor and ude their original ethnic language.The Uygur documents of the Western Xia Dynasty include both written and printed versions,and there are many Uygur people images in the Western Xia Grottoes in Dunhuang.