“德治”与民族地区乡村社区建设——基于“社会团结”道德理论的思考

Moral Governance and Construction of Rural Communities in Ethnic Regions:Reflections on the Moral Theories Based on“Social Solidarity”of Emile Durkheim

乡村社区建设当今面临"空心化""见物不见人""内生动力不足"等问题,在很大程度上源于"单向度"德治与"物质化"社区的局限,对"社区"的理解强调其生态和社会结构维度,忽略了社会关系和文化象征维度。这正是以涂尔干为代表的古典社会学理论关注的焦点。"社会团结"道德理论强调,道德不只是约束民众行为的规范规则,更是在充分尊重个体的基础上,推动个体与他者互助合作以及个体对群体认同依赖的有效机制。以培养个体群体认同、个体参与、热爱群体生活为目标的道德教育是道德"社会团结"机制的基础。"社会团结"道德理论视野下的乡村社区重构,强调在发挥村民主体性的基础上构建乡村社会生活共同体,贯彻民众平等参与、各尽所能、各得其所的共生、共建、共享原则。德治的根本在于创造乡村社区共同生活,在日复一日的共同生活实践中培养村民主动遵守规则,与他者互助合作,积极参与公共事务的习惯和意识,这归根结底是凝聚人心、培育共同体意识的过程。民族地区现有的共同体文化将在全新"德治"框架下被激活,成为消除乡村"空巢化"、增强内生发展动力的最好助力。"社会团结"道德理论有助于为创新乡村治理、实现乡村善治提供新思路。

This article focuses on current problems faced by rural revitalization,in particular the"hollowing out"phenomenon of the rural area,and"the lack of endogenous dynamics".To a large extent,it stems from the limitations of"one-dimensional"moral governance and"materialization"community.The understanding of"community"emphasizes its ecological and social structure dimensions and ignores the social relations and cultural symbolic dimension,which is the focus of classical sociological theory represented by Emile Durkheim.The moral theory of"social solidarity"emphasizes that morality is not only a regulated rules that restrict public behavior,but an effective mechanism to promote mutual assistance and cooperation between individuals and individuals’relying on group recognition on the basis of full respect for individuals.Moral education with the aim of cultivating individual collective identity,individual participation and loving group life is the basis for the moral"social solidarity"mechanism.The reconstruction of rural communities under the moral theory of"social solidarity"emphasizes the construction of a rural social living community on the basis of fulfilling the subjectivity of villagers,and implements the principle of co-existence,joint contribution and sharing.The fundamental principle of moral governance lies in to create the habit and consciousness of rural community life,to cultivate the villagers’habit and consciousness in taking the initiative to abide by the rules,mutual help and cooperation with others,and actively participating in public affairs in the common life practice.In conclusion,this is a process of unifying people and cultivating the their consciousness of community.The existing community culture in ethnic areas will be activated under the framework of the new"moral governance",becoming the best facilitating force to eliminate the rural"hollowing out"Phenomenon and enhance the endogenous impetus for development.The moral theory of"social solidarity"can help to provide new mentality for innovating rural governance and realizing good rural governance.