情与器的多重世界:雪域高原的生命和环境

Multiple Worlds of Snod and Bcud:Lives and Environment on the Snow-covered Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

在藏族民间传统文化的宇宙观中,雪域高原上不仅生活着人类和非人类的动物,还有普通人一般感知不到的各种非人生命。这些不同形态的生命栖居在同一空间的不同世界中,彼此差异又相互联系。基于在青海省果洛藏族自治州的年保玉则地区开展的人类学田野调查,本文试图以本体论转向的回溯性路径为方法,探讨雪域藏人的外、内、密三重世界,以及这种多重世界的理念对于理解生命和环境之关系提供的启示。在分析藏文的"世界"和"生命"这两个概念的内涵及外延的基础上,本文阐述了藏传佛教的相依缘起论对于外器(环境)和内情(生命)关系的认识,并以年保玉则为例描述其外、内、密三重世界,特别是与人类关系密切的内世界的山神等各种非人。与美洲印第安视角主义不同,雪域藏人的多重世界论通过建立外境、显现和有境三者之间的差异和联系,不仅融合了多元文化论和多元自然论,还超越了主客二元对峙的思维模式,具有非常深厚的哲学基础。在这种理念下,人与自然的和谐共生,不仅关系到人与野生动物之间的和谐,也关系到人与非人之间的和谐,本质上则是内情世界和外器世界之间的平衡。多重世界论为青藏高原上正在如火如荼地进行着的自然保护实践提供了本土理论支撑。

In the cosmology of Tibetan traditional folk culture,apart from human and nonhuman animals living on the snowy plateau,there are also various non-human existence(mi ma yin)that ordinary people generally cannot observe.These different forms of life inhabit in different but interconnected worlds occupying the same space.Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Nyanpo Yutse,Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province,this paper seeks to use the retrospective approach of the ontological shift to explore the triple worlds in Tibetan cosmology,i.e.the outer,inner,and secret worlds,and the insights offered by the Tibetan multiple-worlds theory into the relationship between life and environment.We first analyzed the connotation and extension of the two concepts of"world"and"life"in the Tibetan language,and elaborated on the interdependent origination of the container or the external environment(snod)and the contained or internal life(bcud).Then we adopted Nyanpo Yutse as a case study to describe the sacred mountain’s outer,inner,and secret worlds,focusing on the non-human existence of the inner world,including the so-called mountain deities.Compared to the Amerindian Perspectivism,the Tibetan multiple-worlds theory not only integrates multiculturalism and multi-naturalism but also transcends the object-subject dualism by establishing the differences and connections between the object(yul),appearance(snang ba),and subject(yul can).Due to the Tibetan multiple-worlds perspective,harmonious coexistence between man and nature is not limited to the harmony between human and wildlife but also the harmony between human and nonhuman existence.In essence,it attains a balance between the external environment and internal life.This multiple-worlds theory thus provides local theoretical support for the ongoing conservation practices on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.