春秋时期姜戎、陆浑戎融入华夏考

Research on the Integration of Jiang Rong and Lu Hun Rong into China during the Spring and Autumn Period

春秋时期,王室日卑,诸侯争霸,天下失序,诸夏和戎狄之间的关系日趋紧张。在秦穆公称霸西戎的压力下,居住在瓜州的姜戎、允姓戎被迫东迁,姜戎臣服于晋,迁于晋之南鄙,允姓戎东迁后分为两支,一支迁到伊川,以原居住地命名为陆浑戎,一支迁到上洛以东至陆浑一带,因在河以南、山以北(山北水南为阴),故号称阴戎。姜戎东迁时间约在晋惠公被秦放归(公元前645年)后不久;陆浑戎、阴戎东迁时间为公元前638年,陆浑戎首领为子爵,公元前525年被晋所灭,编为九州(五州为一乡),故改称九州戎,其存续时间达113年。姜戎、允姓戎的东迁,既是秦晋大国博弈、妥协的结果,也是华戎互动的产物。经考证,伊川徐阳墓地春秋时期墓葬应属于允姓陆浑戎遗存。徐阳墓地所出五鼎四豆、陪葬车马坑、镈钟、石磬、玉圭等礼器体现了陆浑戎深受周礼影响,其随葬的马牛羊头、蹄骨也保持了戎人特色;姜戎、陆浑戎等应是畜牧部族,而非游牧部族。姜戎、陆浑戎逐渐融入晋国,体现了春秋时期华戎之间的互动以及部分戎人的华夏化,这对于研究早期民族迁徙和融合具有重要意义。

During the Spring and Autumn Period,the royal family’s power was dwindling,and the princes strive for hegemony,resulting in the increasing tension of the relationship between the Xia and Rongdi.Under the pressure of King Mu of Qin Dynasty to dominate Xirong,Jiang Rong and Yun Rong,who lived in Guazhou,were forced to move east.Jiang Rong submitted to Jin and moved to the south corner of the Jin Kingdom,while Yun Rong moved eastward,it was divided into two branches,one to Yichuan,named Lu Hunrong after its original residence,and one to the east of Shangluo to Luhun area.Jiang Rong moved east about shortly after 645 BC,and Lu Hun Rong and Yinrong moved east in 638 BC.The leader of Lu Hun Rong was the viscount,who was destroyed by Jin in 525 BC and was renamed Jiuzhou,which lasted for 113 years.The eastward relocation of Jiang Rong and Yun Rong was not only the result of the game and compromise between big countries of the Qin and Jin powers,but also the product of the interaction between China and the ethnic Rong.Through textual research the article found that the tomb of Xuyang tomb in Yichuan in the Spring and Autumn Period should belong to the remains of Lu Hun Rong.The five Ding vessels and four Dou vessels,accompanied by funeral wagons,bells,stone resonator,jade bar and other ritual artifacts in Xuyang cemetery reflected the deep influence of the Zhou ritual system upon the Lu Hun Rong with the buried heads of horse,ox,and sheep and hoofs also maintaining the characteristics of the ethnic Rong.Jiang Rong and Lu Hun Rong should be tribes of animal husbandry rather than nomadic tribes.Jiang Rong and Lu Hun Rong gradually integrated into the Jin Kingdom,indicating the interaction between China and ethnic Rong in the Spring and Autumn period as well as the acculturation of Rong towards the Chinese,which is of great significance for the study of ethnic migration and integration in the early stages.