清代“军管苗寨”制度与湘西基层治理机构的设置及运行

The Establishment and Operation of the“Military Managed Miao Village”System and the Grass-roots Governance Institutions in Western Hunan in Qing Dynasty

明清以来,湘西地区治理成为中国西南区域治理的重要内容。康熙时期,清王朝开始全面打破明代所形成的"防线"与"界限",进入湘西腹地,通过设置营、汛等方式对归服的村寨进行直接管理;乾隆时期又进一步加强了营汛体系的建设,在该地区形成"一村一寨一汛塘"的局面,成效十分显著。在"改土归流"以及"苗疆"与内地"一体化"进程中,"军管苗寨"制度应运而生,并在当地基层管理中发挥重要作用。而大量客民的进入使湘西基层社会矛盾有所加剧,爆发了"乾嘉之乱"。至此,康乾时期所形成的营汛—村寨体系已不能适应地方治理的需要,清王朝不得不根据实际情况对已形成的营、汛、塘治理格局进行反复调适。从管控体系的初步形成到普遍适用及适时调整,这一变化过程深刻地反映出湘西地区基层治理、民族融合的艰辛以及区域社会历史发展的大趋势。

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties,western Hunan regional governance has become an important part of the regional governance in southwest China.During the period of Emperor Kangxi’s reign,the Qing Dynasty began to comprehensively break the"defense line"and"boundary"formed by the Ming Dynasty,entering the hinterland of western Hunan,and directly managed the villages by setting up military camps.During the Qianlong period,the military camp system was further enhanced played significant effect.In the process of"bureaucratization of native officers"and the"integration"of"Miao border region"into the hinterland region,the"military managed Miao Village"system emerged at the historic moment and played an important role in the local grass-roots management.The influx of a large number of travelling people intensified the social contradictions at the grass-roots level in western Hunan,and resulted in the breakout of"Qianling chaos".By Kangxi and Qianlong period,the already existed military camp system could no longer meet the needs of local governance,and the Qing Dynasty had to repeatedly adjust the formed camp,and the governance pattern according to the actual situation.From the initial formation of the control system to the general application and timely adjustment,this change process profoundly reflects the hardships of grassroots governance,ethnic integration in western Hunan and the general trend of regional social and historical development.