算法规制的私法进路

The Private Law Approach to Algorithmic Regulation

算法的黑箱状态掩藏并固化了原有不平等的社会权力结构,产生了诸如算法歧视等失控问题。算法规制的私法进路在于明确算法控制者与数据主体的权利义务关系,以保障个人免受算法的规训。私法规制的前提是,算法应当被认定为工具,背后的控制者(开发者)应对算法失控的后果承担责任。算法决策离不开数据,算法失控问题的根源在于算法控制者收集的数据存在问题。个人作为数据主体对个人信息(数据)享有人格权,算法控制者提供服务以获得使用权,两者之间的法律关系应解释为信托关系,在信义义务的框架下算法控制者负有勤勉、忠实和信息披露义务。明确算法控制者的义务后,更应在私法权利谱系中寻找规制算法的工具,包括数据主体的个人信息权确立与隐私权夯实两条进路。

The black box state of the algorithm conceals and solidifies unequal social power structure,resulting in runaway problems such as algorithm discrimination. The private law approach to algorithmregulation is to clarify the rights and obligations between the algorithm controller and the data subjects, so as toprotect individuals from the discipline of the algorithm. The premise of private law regulation is that thealgorithm should be recognized as a tool, and the controller(developer) behind it should be responsible for theconsequences of the algorithm getting out of control. Algorithm decision-making is inseparable from data. Theroot of the algorithm’s runaway problem lies in the data collected by the algorithm controller. As data subjects,individuals have the right of personality for personal information(data), while the algorithm controller providesservices to obtain the right to use. The legal relationship between the two should be interpreted as a fiduciaryrelationship. Under the framework of fiduciary duty, the algorithm controller has the duty of diligence, loyaltyand information disclosure. After clarifying the obligations of the algorithm controller, we should look for thetools to regulate the algorithm in the spectrum of rights in private law, including establishing personalinformation rights of data subjects and consolidating privacy rights.