王夫之义利观的价值取向

The Value Orientation of Wang Fu-zhi's View of Justice and Interests

义利问题即道德和利益的关系问题,也是伦理学的基本问题,对这个问题的不同回答体现伦理思想家的基本价值取向。它包括两个方面:一是道德与物质利益谁是第一性的问题;二是社会整体利益与个人利益谁更具有优先性问题。王夫之在这个问题上并不是一般地否定道义论,而是在肯定义重于利的前提下,力图对义进行深层次的剖析,即肯定每个人追求其合理的私人利益的正当性,扬弃宋明道学家所宣扬的“公利”中的实质上的专制君主一家一姓的私利的虚幻性。同时,他又十分注重分辨合理的“自利”与损人利己的自私自利,反对“攻取相役”“成乎惨害”的极端利己主义,从而在学理上弥补了晚明以“人必有私”为出发点的功利主义伦理学的不足。王夫之的义利观更注重对传统道义论的诠释与改造。

The issue of justice and interests is the relationship between morality and interest,which is also the basic issue of ethics.Different answers to this issue reflect the basic value orientation of ethical thinkers.It includes two aspects:one is the first problem of moral and material interests,the other is the problem of who has the priority of social overall interests and personal interests.On this issue,Wang Fuzhi did not generally deny deontology,but on the premise of affirming that justice is more important than interests,he tried to make a deep analysis of justice,that is,affirming the legitimacy of everyone's pursuit of his reasonable private interests,and denouncing the illusory private interests of the autocratic monarch in essence in the“public interests”advocated by the Taoists of Song and Ming Dynasties.At the same time,he also paid great attention to distinguishing reasonable“self-interest”and self-interest at the expense of others,and opposed the extreme egoism of“fighting for each other”and“achieving disastrous results”,thus making up for the deficiency of utilitarian ethics in the late Ming Dynasty which started from“people must have their own interests”.Wang Fuzhi's view of justice and interests pays more attention to the interpretation and transformation of traditional deontology.