微小RNA调控增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的研究进展

Research progress of microRNA in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)是一个眼部组织的创伤修复和纤维化过程,其特征性改变是在玻璃体腔和(或)视网膜表面形成由细胞外基质(ECM)和各种类型的细胞组成的视网膜前膜(ERM),ERM收缩形成视网膜皱褶,并牵拉视网膜引起视网膜脱离(RD)。视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞发生上皮-间质转化(EMT)和ECM累积是ERM形成的重要病理机制。转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)等诱导RPE细胞发生EMT,细胞失去上皮表型、细胞间黏附减弱和表达间充质表型。由间充质细胞分化而成的成纤维细胞样细胞分泌ECM等成分,与神经胶质细胞、成纤维细胞等共同形成ERM。RPE细胞的EMT过程受许多细胞因子/生长因子、转录因子及微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)等的调控,研究证明miRNA是一类新型且功能强大的调节基因,在PVR的EMT过程中起着重要调控作用。本文将近年来miRNA调控PVR的作用机制和干预性治疗研究进行综述。

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a eye disease characterized by the formation of epiretinal membranes(ERM)composed of extracellular matrix(ECM)and various types of cells in the vitreous and/or the surface of the retina through the wound repair and fibrotic process.ERM shrinks to form retinal folds and stretches the retina to cause retinal detachment(RD).Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells and accumulation of ECM are considered to be the main pathological mechanisms for the formation of ERM.RPE cells undergo a process named EMT induced by transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),by which differentiated epithelial cells go through epithelial phenotypic loss,the weakness of cell-cell contact and mesenchymal phenotype expression.Fibroblast-like cells differentiated from mesenchymal cells produce ECM and other components,which forms ERM together with glial cells and fibroblasts,etc.Recent studies indicated a lot of cytokines/growth factors,transcriptional factors,and microRNA(miRNA)regulate the development of EMT in RPE cells,in which miRNA is a novel and powerful regulatory gene and plays a critical regulatory role in the EMT process of PVR.This review focuses on the current understandings of the mechanism and the interventional treatments of miRNA in PVR.