远洋渔业行政处罚中一事不再罚原则之适用

Application of the Principle of Ne Bis Poena In Idem in Administrative Penalty of Distant Water Fishery

发生在入渔国管辖海域的远洋违法捕捞行为受入渔国和船旗国的双重管辖。船旗国管辖的主要目的是制裁远洋违法捕捞行为,有效规范远洋捕捞活动。鉴于国际社会对国家主权施加的合理限制以及一事不再罚原则的“过罚相当”初衷,对发生在入渔国管辖海域的远洋违法捕捞行为进行处罚仍需遵守一事不再罚原则。从“违法成本”视角来看,远洋渔业行政处罚中的一事不再罚应界定为:不得基于同一个远洋违法捕捞事实再给予与其危害性不相称的处罚。因此,对于已经被入渔国处罚的远洋违法捕捞行为,我国原则上可以依据国内法再次处罚,但应当遵循“过罚相当”的要求,在远洋违法捕捞行为危害性评估基础上,综合考虑入渔国已经给予的处罚以及我国应当给予的处罚,进而决定具体适用何种类型、程度的处罚以及是否免于或减轻处罚。

Distant water fishing is subject to the dual jurisdiction of the flag state and the entered state for fishing in its jurisdictional water.The main purpose of flag state jurisdiction is to sanction illegal fishing in distant water and effectively regulate fishing activities in distant water.Due to these reasonable restrictions to the sovereignty of a state under the globalization and the legislative intent of Ne Bis Poena In Idem,penalizing illegal fishing in distant water should still comply with the principle.From the perspective of illegal cost in economics,in administrative penalty of distant water fishery,the principle of Ne Bis Poena In Idem means the same distant water illegal fishing fact shall not suffer any penalty disproportionate to its harmfulness.Accordingly,as to those illegal fishing in distant water,having been penalized by entered state for fishing,generally speaking,the fishery administrative departments in China can penalize again,but should fully follow the requirements of Ne Bis Poena In Idem.Based on the evaluation of the harmfulness for illegal fishing,it should comprehensively consider penalties that have been imposed by entered state for fishing and that should be imposed by China,and then make the decision on the specific type and degree of punishment and whether to avoid or mitigate the punishment.