成熟时期与收获方式对谷子收获效果的影响

The effects of maturity period and harvesting methods on the harvesting performance of millet

[目的]针对谷子收获过程中的籽粒损失、破碎和含杂等问题,研究不同成熟时期和收获方式下的作业效果。[方法]以晋谷21号和张杂10号谷子为研究对象,对乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期的谷子,分别采用了人工收获、分段收获与联合收获方式进行收获作业,以破碎率、含杂率、总损失率为指标,获得成熟时期与收获方式对收获效果的影响规律。[结果]收获方式对谷子籽粒的总损失率、破碎率和含杂率的影响显著,采用联合收获方式的谷子总损失率为9.40%,破碎率为0.96%,含杂率为4.56%,工作效率为0.3032 hm2·h^(-1);采用人工收获方式的总损失率为3.51%,工作效率为0.0017 hm2·h^(-1);采用分段收获方式的总损失率为7.09%,破碎率为2.03%,工作效率为0.2324 hm2·h^(-1)。随谷子成熟时期的推后,谷子的穗、叶片和茎秆的含水率均呈现出下降趋势,成熟时期对谷子的穗、叶片和茎秆含水率的影响均极显著,谷子含水率是影响谷子联合收获破碎率、总损失率、含杂率的显著因素。蜡熟期的谷子穗粒含水率为13.69%~15.29%,此时机械收获的谷子总损失率最小为4.81%,破碎率较低为0.67%。[结论]该研究为谷子机械化收获时期合理选择与收获技术推广提供一定依据。

[Objective]Aiming at the problems of grain loss,breakage and impurity in the process of millet harvesting process,the operation effects at different ripening stages and harvest methods were studied.[Methods]Zhangza 10 and Jingu 21 millet were selected as the research objects,and three different harvesting processes including artificial harvesting,segment harvesting and combined harvesting were used to harvest millets at milk stage,wax stage and full ripening stage.The broken rate,impurity rate and total loss rate were used as major indexes,and the effects of various ripening stages and harvest methods on harvest effects were obtained.[Results]The results showed that the effects of different harvesting methods on the total loss rate,broken rate and impurity rate of millet grains were significantly different.When combined harvesting was adopted,the total loss rate of millet was 9.40%with the broken rate at 0.96%,the impurity rate at 4.56%,and the working efficiency at 0.3032 hm2·h^(-1).When artificial harvesting was applied,the total loss rate of millet was 3.51%and the working efficiency was 0.0017 hm2·h^(-1).When segmented harvesting was used,the total loss rate of millet was 7.09%with the broken rate at 2.03%,and the working efficiency at 0.2324 hm2·h^(-1).With the postponement of the millet ripening stage,the moisture content of ears,leaves and stems of millet showed a downward trend.The influence of ripening stage on the moisture content of ears,leaves and stems of millet was extremely significant.The moisture content of millet was a significant factor affecting the combined harvesting broken rate,total loss rate and impurity rate of millet.[Conclusion]The moisture content of millet ears at wax-ripening stage was 13.69%~15.29%.At this time,the total loss rate of the combined harvesting method at 4.81%was the smallest,and the broken rate was 0.67%.This study provided a basis for the reasonable selection of mechanized harvesting time and the promotion of harvesting technology.