宋代天文官选任与管理制度述略

Review of the Selection and Management System of Astronomical Officers in the Song Dynasty

天文官是宋代职官系统中不可或缺的一部分。就来源而言,除宋初较多元外,宋代天文官一般以选用畴人子弟为主,亦会招募民间草泽予以补充,其选拔方式以试补为主,荫补和荐补为辅。诸级天文人员升迁有序而缓慢,各类无品阶天文学生一般经考试而递升,具品阶天文官大多历磨勘而序迁。日常管理中,天文机构的设置也体现着内外制衡特点,天文官、儒官、宦官均不同程度地参与其中。随着科举的兴盛,儒官逐渐成为天文机构的主要管理者,推动了天文官的日常选用考核及业务管理等方面更为规范,却使得天文官群体在人身自由方面受到诸多限制,待遇及地位不断降低,沦为被动的执行者,并最终对宋代天文知识的创新与传播产生了消极影响。

Astronomic officers were an indispensable part of the official system in the Song Dynasty.In terms of the sources of astronomic officers,in addition to the diversity of the early Song Dynasty,astronomic officers were mainly chosen from the patrimonial families,who were adept in astronomical calculations,few of them were recruited for supplements from civilian families,its main selection method was examination,supplemented by hereditary and recommendation in the Song Dynasty.The promotion of astronomic officers at all levels was orderly but quite slow,all kinds of non-grade astronomy students were generally promoted through examinations,those astronomic officials with different grades mostly experienced sufferings to get promoted.In the daily management,the establishment of the astronomical institutions also reflected the characteristics of internal and external checks and balances,the astronomic officers,scholar-officials and eunuchs got involved in it to various extents.With the rise of the imperial examination,scholar-officials gradually became the main managers of the astronomical institutions,making the daily selection assessment and management more standard,but in terms of their personal freedom,astronomic officers’freedom was very limited with their treatment and status lowered down,they became the passive executors,which ultimately had a negative effect on the innovation and dissemination of the astronomical knowledge in the Song Dynasty.