论马克思对黑格尔革命辩证法的继承与超越

On Marx's Transcendence and Destruction of Hegel's Revolutionary Dialectic

黑格尔与马克思都将“生成与毁灭”的必然规律内嵌于辩证法,因而赋予其以强大的革命性。不同的是,黑格尔辩证法的元动力是那个永恒的绝对精神,“生灭”的规定并不及于作为绝对者的精神本身,而仅仅适用于精神的诸现象形态即感性世界的诸存在物。黑格尔哲学也因此陷入了结构性的矛盾。马克思对黑格尔辩证法的超越,正在于他不承认在生灭的感性世界之外还存在着一个不灭的绝对者,而是认为全部存在物都必须经历“生灭”的历史过程。这一超越在他们的国家学说中体现得尤为明显。黑格尔论证了各类具体国家形态必然灭亡,必然被更合乎自由原则的制度所取代;马克思则论证了国家形式本身的必然灭亡,国家作为一种历史现象也必将走向历史性的消亡。

Hegel and Marx both founded the law of“generation and destruction”in dialectics.The motive power of Hegel's dialectic is the absolute spirit,and the“birth and death”does not extend to the spirit itself.Hegel philosophy is thus caught in structural contradiction,the contradiction between the“birth and death”in sensible world and the absolute existence in concept world.Marx's transcendence of Hegel's dialectic is that he does not admit that there is an eternal absolute outside the sensible world.All the existing things must undergo the historical process from generation to destruction.This distinction is especially obvious in their theory of state.Hegel only proves that all kinds of concrete state forms are bound to perish;However,Marx believes that the state itself must obey the“birth and death”law,and the state as a historical phenomenon will also go to the historical extinction.