形状记忆聚氨酯及其非织造材料成型方法研究进展

A Review on the Shape Memory Polyurethane and Its Nonwoven Progress

非织造材料作为一种通过物理或化学方法制成的具有工程结构完整性的纤维集合体,是一种源于纺织技术的功能性纤维材料,目前已广泛应用于医疗卫生、过滤分离和土木建筑等各个领域。随着非织造材料的广泛应用,其结构的优化与性能的提高显得尤为重要。形状记忆聚氨酯作为一种典型的形状记忆高分子材料,具有易加工、形变量大、形状记忆效果突出和多样化刺激方式等优点,广泛应用于医疗卫生、航空航天和纺织服装等领域。将形状记忆聚氨酯与非织造成型技术结合,不仅可以保持非织造材料原有特性,还可以赋予其形状记忆功能,为非织造技术的创新与升级提供驱动力,同时也为形状记忆材料的高质应用提供研究方向。目前形状记忆聚氨酯非织造材料的成型方法主要包括共混应用法、直接成网法以及后整理应用法。其中共混应用法包括复合纤维成网和共混纺丝,其优势在于纤维或聚合物之间可充分混合,形状记忆效果均匀;直接成网法包括静电纺丝法和熔喷法,静电纺丝法目前研究最广泛,其优势在于所得纳米级非织造材料质量轻、孔径多且成本低,可用于制备高性能复合材料。熔喷法形状记忆聚氨酯非织造材料结构蓬松、纤网孔隙小且孔隙率大,可广泛应用于吸油材料、过滤材料和隔音材料等领域;后整理应用法包括涂敷及形状记忆聚氨酯的溶液形式应用,其优势在于操作简便、成本低,且形状记忆效果优良。目前形状记忆聚氨酯非织造材料的应用依然处于实验室研究阶段,要实现产业化、功能化的应用还需要进一步的探索与研究。本文阐述了形状记忆聚氨酯的记忆机理、分类和应用领域等,分析了形状记忆聚氨酯非织造材料成型方法的研究进展,为形状记忆聚氨酯非织造材料今后的研发与高质应用提供了参考。

As a fibrous material with engineering structure,nonwoven made by physical or chemical methods is a functional fabric which derived from textile technology.And the nonwovens have been widely used in various fields such as medical treatment,filtration and separation,civil and construction.Thus,optimizing the structure and enhancing the performance of the nonwovens are the urgently topics for the high-quality application.Nowadays,one of the shape memory polymers,shape memory polyurethane(SMPU)has been widely used in medical and health,aerospace,textile and clothing fields due to its advantages of easy processing,large deformation,outstanding shape memory effect and diverse sti-mulation methods.It can be seen that the combining the SMPU and nonwoven technology will maintain the original characteristics of nonwovens while providing the shape memory functions.This provides a drive for the innovation and upgrading of nonwoven technology,and also provides a basis for the high-quality application of shape memory materials.Presently,the preparation of SMPU nonwovens mainly include blending,direct-web-forming and post-processing methods.The blending met-hod can be divided into composite fiber web-forming and blending spinning.The blending method has an advantage of uniform of shape memory effect resulted from the of the fully mixed of the fibers or polymers.Besides,the direct-web-forming method can be divided into categories of electrospinning and melt blowing.The electrospinning has been widely used in the preparing of nano-scale nonwovens with light weight,multi-pore and low cost.In contrast,the SMPU nonwovens from the melt blowing process have serious properties i.e fluffy structure,small pore size and large porosity,and have be widely used in oil absorbing materials,filtration materials and sound insulation etc.Further,post-processing method mainly applied in the coating and solution has the advantages of simple operation,low cost,and excellent shape memory effect.However,the application of SMPU nonwovens still limited in the laboratory and serious bottlenecks should be overcome for the large scale industrialization and functional applications.In this work,the shape memory mechanism,classification and application are reviewed and the research progress of the preparation method is analyzed of the SMPU nonwovens for the purpose of further development and high-quality application.