宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义罪司法适用的规范错位与理论矫正

Standard Dislocation and Theoretical Correction of Judicial Application of Crimes of Advocating Terrorism and Extremism

现行司法解释在认定宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义罪时存在明显的规范错位,主要体现在:将宣扬行为的类型已经扩展到极致,导致部分不符合宣扬性质的行为也被作为实行行为处理。对互联网平台的经营者和管理者的放任行为,不当地将共犯行为理解为实行行为。由于增设了前置的限制处罚规定,人为地造成刑法处罚漏洞。在界定宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义罪时,应当强化法益对于构成要素认定的指导意义。宣扬行为的核心语义应当被界定为让他人知晓或可能知晓,单纯的编写、设计等行为应当被排除在宣扬行为之外。尽管本罪在立法上被视为抽象危险犯,但不影响在司法层面上应基于法益合目的性予以适度限缩。在故意的判断上,肯定本罪间接故意的成立空间,并且应当改变当前行为故意与危害故意同一的判断法则,应当运用推定和例外结合的方式,并适度提高基础事实的标准。在罪数认定上,需要根据侵害事实的同一性等行为事实具体判断。

There is an obvious standard dislocation in the current judicial interpretation when determining the crime of advocating terrorism and extremism,which is mainly reflected in that the types of propagating acts have been extended to the extreme,resulting in some acts that do not conform to the nature of propagating are also treated as implementing acts.For the laissez faire behavior of the operators and managers of the Internet platform,the accomplice behavior is improperly understood as the implementation behavior.Due to the addition of pre restriction and punishment provisions,there are artificial loopholes in the punishment of criminal law.When defining the crime of propagating terrorism and extremism,we should strengthen the guiding significance of legal interests for the identification of constituent elements.The core semantics of publicity behavior should be defined as letting others know or may know,and simple writing,design and other behaviors should be excluded from publicity behavior.Although this crime is regarded as an abstract dangerous crime in legislation,it does not affect that it should be appropriately limited based on the purpose of legal interest at the judicial level.In the judgment of intention,we should affirm the establishment space of indirect intention of this crime,change the judgment rule that the current behavior intention and harm intention are the same,use the combination of presumption and exception,and appropriately improve the standard of basic facts.In the determination of the number of crimes,it needs to be judged according to the identity of the infringement facts and other behavioral facts.