美国教师教育“临床实践”改革现状与特点——基于十项优质“教师驻校实习”项目分析

Current Situation and Characteristics of the Reform of Practice-based Teacher Education in U.S.:An Analysis based on Ten High-Quality"Teacher Residency"Programs

进入21世纪以来,美国实践取向的教师教育逐步发展出了一种新的主流模式,涌现了一批以"教师驻校实习"为特征的优质培养项目。为发挥这些项目的引领和示范作用,美国全国"教育科学研究所"下属的"中西部地区教育实验室"遴选了十个优秀"教师驻校实习"项目。虽然它们在机构性质、培养定位、实施路径及支持系统的构建等方面各具特色,但在整体上都体现了注重发挥有实际教学经验的优秀教师的教学指导作用、强调教师驻校实习与新教师入职制度间的衔接、根据紧缺学科和学区高需求定制教师培养计划、突出大学与公立中小学系统间的合作伙伴关系等特点。

Since entering the 21st century,the practice-based teacher education in the United States has gradually developed a new mainstream model,and a number of high-quality training projects characterized by"teacher residency"have emerged.In order to play the leading and exemplary role of the high-quality practice-based teacher education,the"Midwest Education Laboratory"under the national"Institute of Educational Sciences"of the United States has selected ten outstanding"teacher residency"programs.Although they have their own features respectively in terms of in institutional nature,preparation orientation,implementation approach,constructing support system,etc,on the whole,it embodies the following four characteristics:paying attention to the teaching guidance role of excellent teachers with practical teaching experience;emphasizing the connection between the teacher residency and new teacher induction system;customizing the teacher training plan according to the scarce disciplines and the high demand of the school district;and highlighting the characteristics of the partnership between universities and public primary and secondary school systems.