文化进化、女性主义与“国家民族志”——20世纪后半叶以来西方人类学国家研究关键词检视及其意义

Cultural Evolution,Feminism and“the Ethnography of the State”:Keywords Inspection on the State Study in Western Anthropology since the Second half of the 20th Century and Its Significance

20世纪40年代,拉德克里夫-布朗以自然科学的实证精神重塑人类学后,曾经作为经典议题的"国家"被排斥在人类学主流理论之外。以文化进化、女性主义与"国家民族志"为关键词,对20世纪后半叶以来被"遮蔽"的西方人类学国家理论进行了系统性分类与梳理——文化进化主义将国家视为消解人口压力的结构性手段与保障生产技术提升的制度性路径;女性主义将性别不平等与国家相关联,将国家视为妇女从属地位的"始作俑者",以此完成对于国家的批判;"国家民族志"范式则将权力实践引发的结果和效应视为国家的本质,从而完全消解了国家的真实性与实体性。重拾被"遮蔽"的西方人类学国家话语,有助于补充国内人类学回应时代主题、进行宏大叙事的能力,有助于为构建本土化的人类学国家理论提供参考、比较和借鉴的框架。

The state was excluded from main-stream theories since Radcliffe-Brown remolded the anthropology with the empirical spirit which derived from the natural science since 1940s,although it had been a classic topic in the anthropology.Taking cultural evolution,feminism and the ethnography of the state as keywords,the state-related theories in the western anthropology were sorted out systematically in the paper—which have been obscured in the second half of 20th century.Cultural evolutionism regards the state as a structural means to relieve population pressure or an institutional path to guarantee the improvement of production technology;by associating gender inequality with the state,feminism believed that the state creates woman’s subordinate status;“the ethnography of the state”views the state as the effect and result of power practice,and thus removes the authenticity and the substantiality of the state.By means of bringing the state-related discourses of western anthropology back,a referable and comparable theoretical framework for the state study in anthropology of china could be provided,and the capability of grand narrative and response to the theme of the times also could be supplemented.