异地修复作为环境侵权责任形式的合法性逻辑

Legitimacy Logic of Remote Restoration as a Form of Environmental Tort Liability

随着我国生态法治建设进程坚定推进,通过法律约束污染环境、破坏生态已被社会各界广泛地认同与遵守。特别是在《民法典》时代到来后,我国《民法典》以专章形式确立的“污染环境和生态破坏责任”切实为各类生态侵权案件提供了坚实的法律基础。然而,落实到生态法语境下各类具体案件中,尤其是生态损害案件的责任承担形式之具体问题中,传统的民事侵权责任形式往往难以取得好的实践效果。这种现象是因为生态损害案件中存在遭到损害的生态环境已经遭到了不可逆的修复或者修复成本过巨不具经济效益,进而导致以“恢复原状”“支付对价”等为代表的传统民事侵权责任形式难以适用或适用效益较差的现实困境。我国司法实务界在2012年探索出的异地修复是一种新型的生态侵权责任形式,其内涵在于着眼于整体生态系统层面的“恢复原状”的价值取向以期实现环境侵权责任的具体承担。其优势在于可以较好地解决传统民事侵权责任形式在生态侵权案件中遇到的显失实操性的困境。故而对异地修复的合法性进行探讨是一种有益于司法实践和学理研究的工作,有助于确立异地修复成为环境侵权责任形式的一种常用形态、取得更好的生态效益。

With the firm progress of China's ecological rule of law,the legal restraint of environmental pollution and ecological destruction has been widely recognized and observed by all sectors of society.With its advent,Civil Code of the People's Republic of China has provided a solid legal basis for all kinds of ecological tort cases in that it sets the special chapter of“Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage Liability”.However,when it is implemented in different kinds of specific cases in the context of ecological law,especially in the specific problems of the forms of liability for ecological damage cases,the traditional forms of civil tort liability are often difficult to achieve good results in a practical sense.This is due to the fact that in some cases,the ecological environments have been damaged to the extent of being irreversibly repaired or the repair cost being too high to bring about economic benefits,leading to the practical dilemma in which the traditional forms of civil tort liability represented by“restoring to the original state”and“valuable consideration”are either difficult to put into practice or resulting in poor application benefits.In 2012,judicial practice circles in China explored remote restoration as a new form of ecological tort liability with its connotation lying in realizing the value orientation of“restoring to the original state”at the overall ecosystem level in order to realize the concrete commitment of environmental tort liability.Its advantage lies in the fact that it can better solve the obvious false operation dilemma encountered by the traditional forms of civil tort liability in ecological tort cases.Therefore,it is beneficial to judicial practice and theoretical research to explore the legality of remote restoration,thus contributing to establishing remote restoration into a common form of environmental tort liability and achieving better ecological benefits.