“存疑有利于被告原则”在国际刑法中的适用及其反思

The Application of “In Dubio Pro Reo” in International Criminal Law

"存疑有利于被告原则"在国际刑法中被定位为程序和实体通用的总和原则。对于该原则在国际刑事诉讼程序中对事实之疑的适用,国际刑法吸收了普通法系和大陆法系的一致性规定并融合了无罪推定原则和排除合理怀疑原则。两大法系对于"存疑有利于被告原则"在法律之疑适用上的分歧也体现在国际刑事实体法的发展过程中,但支持将该原则适用于法律解释的普通法系观点始终占据支配地位,并以成文法的形式将该原则明确定位为合法性原则的衍生。相比国内法,该原则在国际刑事实体法中的适用有着更充分的法理基础,是国际刑法的特殊人权保障机能和维护国家主权的必然要求。在国际刑法的语境下,应遵循刑法的特殊解释方法即存疑有利于被告人原则优先于国际条约法中包括目的解释在内的一般解释方法的效力和位阶。

The principle of"in dubio pro reo"applies both procedurally and substantively in the context of international criminal law.For the application of"in dubio pro reo"to the findings of facts in international criminal procedures,the undisputed provision under both the common law and the civil law systems has also been adopted by international criminal law,which further combines the principle of presumption of innocence and the principle of beyond reasonable doubt.The differences on the application of"in dubio pro reo"to the interpretations of law between the two systems can find its reflections in the evolution of substantive international criminal norms,but the common law’s supportive position has been dominating in the whole process,and the principle of"in dubio pro reo"has eventually been incorporated into statutory law as part of the principle of legality.Comparing with domestic law,the application of"in dubio pro reo"in substantive international criminal law has more solid legal grounds,which is required by its special mandate to protect human rights and state sovereignty.In the context of international criminal law,"in dubio pro reo",which is a special interpretative rule in criminal law,should have primacy over the general interpretative methods,especially the teleological approach,under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.