马克思“现实人道主义”概念的真实内涵及其思想史价值--对阿尔都塞“认识论断裂说”的再批判

The Content and Value of Marx’s Concept of“Real Humanism”:A New Critique of Althusser’s Theory of“Epistemological Fracture”

"现实人道主义"是马克思早期思想发展历程中的一个重要概念,其为马克思和恩格斯创立唯物史观奠定了基础。在马克思主义与人道主义的关系问题上,阿尔都塞提出了一个极端的观点,即"现实人道主义"是马克思主义"新的总问题诞生时出现的过渡和断裂所特有的现象"。这便是阿尔都塞"认识论断裂说"的基点,这种观点把青年马克思的哲学连同其思想母体德国古典哲学均视为"意识形态"。事实上,它过度强调了马克思思想发展及其与德国哲学关系中的革命性而对其连续性重视不够,过度强调了马克思主义有关历史规律的客观性思想而对人的主观能动性重视不够。为此,我们需要通过展开对阿尔都塞"认识论断裂说"的深度批判,来分析和澄明马克思"现实人道主义"的真实内涵及其思想史价值。"现实人道主义"概念的连续性表明,马克思主义的创立过程中并不存在一个所谓的认识论断裂点,也没有走到德国哲学之对立面而另起炉灶。对"现实人道主义"概念之思想内涵的揭示旨在表明,马克思主义是"和人道主义相吻合的唯物主义",即马克思并没有把"人"从自己的理论中排除出去,他反对的是以"抽象的人"作为出发点的理论倾向。

The"real humanism"in the Holy Family is an important concept in the development of Marx’s early thought because it lays a foundation for the establishment of historical materialism.On the relationship between Marxism and Humanism,Louis Althusser put forward an extreme viewpoint,that the"real humanism"is"a peculiar phenomenon of transition and fracture before the birth of the new problematic of Marxism".This is the basic idea of Althusser’s theory of"epistemological fracture".In the view of Althusser,an"epistemological fracture"took place in 1845 which divided Marx’s thought into two phases.The first was the"ideological phase"before 1845,and the other was the"scientific phase"after 1845.The theory of"epistemological fracture"takes the philosophy of the young Marx,together with German classical philosophy,as an ideology that takes human beings as the starting point,and it is fundamentally different from the scientific Marxism that eliminates the notion of human beings.Althusser’s theory commits two obvious mistakes.First,it overemphasizes the revolutionary character of the development of Marx’s thought and its relationship with German classical philosophy,even as it fails to pay sufficient attention to the progressiveness of the development of Marx’s thought as well as its inheritance from German philosophy.In fact,Marx used the concept of"real humanism"successively in the Holy Family and the German Ideology,where it was derived from"the completed naturalism or humanism"in The Economical and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844.Marx’s successive use of"real humanism"clearly indicates that the so-called"epistemological fracture"between the"young Marx"and the"mature Marx"does not exist at all.Meanwhile,the theoretical content of"real humanism"shows that Marxism is"a kind of materialism in accordance with humanism".Marx does not abandon the humanitarian ideology of German classical philosophy to establish Marxism,and he does not eliminate human beings from his theory,but he rather protests the theory which takes"abstract man"as its starting point.Second,Althusser overemphasizes the thought of the objective aspect of the law of history in Marx’s materialist conception of history,and he fails to pay sufficient attention to human subjective agency.Marx explicitly rejected the German ideologists’view of history as an"apart person"detached from the influence of the activities of human beings.When Althusser regards history as"a process without subject",he commits the same mistake as the German ideologists,although in a different direction.